Redundant Target Effect

The impact of aging said to have a great effect on the capacity of learning of the adult. (Falasca, 2011). There are several eye problems become common as they age, cognitive ability, hearing impairments and perception may not be sufficient enough to understand and grasp all the information or it could be compromised (Falasca,

Selective memory retrieval is research to try and recall events that occurred in your past life. In their studies, they used sixty-four participants between the age of (20-35) for the younger generation and for the 64 participants their age was over sixty. They then proceeded to show each group certain images to remember. Both groups showed a very poor retrieval to the images portrayed. For the most part, this initial test between the young and older ages was unsuccessful. Since, this experiment didn’t go as planned they came up with a new process. That process being to have a much wider group is participants. Having the participants between the age of (40-85) drastically changed the results of the experiment. Critically, the size of the beneficial but now the detrimental effect of retrieval decreased with age and this age-related decline was mediated by individuals working memory capacity, as measured by the complex operation span task. (Aslan, A., Schlichting, A., John, T., & Bauml, K. T., 2015) In this study it showed that there was an early decline in the older generation memory compared to the younger

There are people who think that older adults are not capable of learning new information because of the number of neurons in their brain decline as they age. In the PBS video “Stealing Time”, the old cage potato rats were given a change of scene with an enriched environment and the results were that their dendrites grew and made new synaptic connections where there were none before. These rats were better on future tasks than the old rats that were not given a change of scene. When older adults are doing a task in a laboratory setting they are less efficient at processing the information presented to them and their reaction time is slower. “Older adults show more brain activity between the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe than

As adults age their executive functioning start to slow down. The structural changes in the prefrontal cortex

Abrupt appearance of an object within peripheral visual fields are sudden onset distractors (SOD) and they can have effects on attention and reaction times. Attentional capture occurs when a distractor stimulus appears in a field of vision and pulls focus away from the task at hand. This has the effect of increasing reaction times as it diverts a subject’s attention while the brain registers and processes the new information. When the brain is focussed upon a specific task the distractor captures attention and thus can increase reaction time through this visual processing mechanism. This demonstrates automaticity, a reflex which is both not inhibited by increasing cognitive load (load-insensitivity criterion) and not voluntarily controlled (intentionality criterion). The attentional

Data were analyzed using a linear regression model where the average time taken to notice a change was used as a dependent variable, and the age was used as an independent variable. This analysis revealed that there is not a significant difference between age and the amount of time that it took any individual to notice a change, F (1, 224) = 3.52, p = .06. Results show that there was an insignificant increase of .27 seconds in time taken to notice the change between ages. Age explained 1% of the variance in time taken to notice the change in stimuli, r2 = .01.

Evidence for a general slowing factor come from two observations: evidence from the age-related slowing across a broad range of cognitive tasks and the significant amount of shared variance across those cognitive tasks (Salthouse, 1996). Furthermore, the processing-speed theory states that the relationship between age and processing speed mediated the relationship between age and other measure of cognitive functioning such as quality of the outcome. Evidence from statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between age and perceptual speed and perceptual speed and decision accuracy, but did not reveal a significant relationship between age and decision accuracy. These findings support the mediating role of processing speed between age and decision accuracy (Salthouse, 1996). Empirical evidence has also shown the elimination of age-related differences in other areas of cognition when controlling for processing speed (e.g., Henninger, Madden, & Huettel,

The two independent variables were luminant cue patches (light cue, dark cue and equiluminant cue) and location of the cue and target (valid side with cue and target on same side and invalid side with cue and target on opposite sides). The dependent variable was participants’ reaction time in millisecond.

The need factors relates to on what exactly we need to focus. For example we have selected a targeted group of people that will benefit from the program. Now we need to look at what exactly we need to focus our attention on. With this factor we need to focus and target specific behavior in order to reduce recidivism. We must be able to properly identify the behavior that is causing individual to commit crime and focus to changing that specific behavior. Every offender is unique therefore everyone behavior and triggers are different. Again data showed in our weekly notes, suggests that when we are targeting non criminogenic risk factors, it haze minimum to none effect on reducing recidivism, compared to when we are focusing on criminogenic risk

Older adults are thus slower in receiving information through sensory receptors, slower in transmitting, processing, and interpreting information, and are slower in acting upon it” (Shulman, Silverman, & Golden).

Early studies have widely researched attention with selective processing (Driver, 2001). Broadbent (1958) filter theory of attention states that certain information does not require focal attention. It is based on certain stimulus attributes such as colour and shape (Friedenberg, 2012). A previous study carried out by Treisman and Schmidt (1982) proposes that when attention is diverted from a display of several figures, the participants incorrectly combine the features of colour and shape therefore increases the illusory conjunctions portrayed by the participants (Tsal, 1989). Another study by Shaw (1978) found that reaction time of participant to identify targets varied with the probability that a target would appear in a particular display location. These results indicate that different amounts of attention towards the targets are distributed to different positions in the visual field. However, Houck and Hoffman (1986) found that the feature integration of colour and orientation can sometimes be accomplished without attention (James et al.,

Adults learn to intertwine different senses, associate them together, and group information in chunks. However, children have not developed these skills and view information in separate fragments, increasing the potency of their visual perception. A study detailed in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals that children under twelve years of age do not perceive visual information the same way adults do. While adults process different visual cues into one unified chunk of information, kids separate visual information. The childhood method of processing may allow kids to fine-tune their visual systems as they grow, the study authors say. Researchers have long known that youngsters don't fully integrate sensory information until after about age 8. Before then information received by touch, sight and hearing isn't as closely linked as the same information would be in the adult brain. In the study, scientists at the University of College London and Birkbeck, University of London asked children and adults to wear 3-D glasses and compare images of two slanted surfaces to judge which one was the flattest.These images gave the participants texture and binocular information either separately or all at once. The study found that adults were more accurate in identifying the correct images, whereas the children weren’t as accurate (Pappas, 2010). This study shows that

      Attention becomes more sustained and selective with age; children become better at focusing on just those aspects of a situation that are relevant to their goals. Older children are also better at adapting attention to task requirements. Gains in cognitive inhibition,

Attention is known as a behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating awareness on a specific object, issue, or activity, while not focusing on other potential stimuli from the environment. While the human brain has great capabilities for processing information, it also has limited capacity. A person cannot attend to all the information being received through all the five senses at one time. And this capacity is reduced as people get older. Older people tend to have decreased brain activity in the the brain areas that

The reaction time (RT) of students was measured in the experiment to determine whether light or sound stimulus initiates a quicker response time. The question of whether or not RT was related to movement time (MT) was also challenged. Each student performed two test in random order; one testing the reaction time of a red light stimulus, or visual reaction time (VRT); and the other testing the reaction time of a “beeping” sound stimulus, or auditory reaction time (ART). The student completed the VRT trial by simply receiving the stimulus and pressing a button. The student placing and holding their hand on a button starts the ART trial. Once the student receives the stimulus (beep) they press the adjacent button as fast as they can. The ART trial does not only include the data of the RT, but also the data from the MT. Having previous knowledge that light travels faster than sound; one can predict that VRT is faster than ART. The prediction that MT is independent upon RT can be made with the thought that there are so many opposing variables that could affect the MT of an individual unrelated RT such as old age