Reflection and Critical Analysis of Susan Lee Johnson's Article on Miners in California

With the discovery of gold in 1848 the west saw an enormous surge of migrants coming to excavate gold. Excavating gold however comes with its own risks and challenges that the prospectors would have to face if they wanted to find gold, one of these challenges being that men left their families in search of gold. “Then the people commenced rushing up from San Francisco and other parts of California, in May, 1848: in the former village only five men were left to take care of the women and

In New England Puritan ideas of gender dictated acts of gender for women in terms of behavior, demeanor, and speech at home and church, in public and private. Gender roles were clearly defined and categorized women as the weaker, vulnerable sex; physically, emotionally, spiritually and morally, subordinate to men in every instance and venue. Men were the heads of the household and of the church. They ruled what were deemed the important aspects of life. Women's role in society was that of domestic; they owned no property, made no significant wage and were entirely dependent on men for their subsistence. While the primary tenants underlying the American Puritan doctrine of the 17th century stated that women were no more susceptible to

(Ulrich p. 5) Her research clearly establishes that despite the hierarchal and patriarchal nature of their society, women during this time contributed in essential and complex ways not only to their households and their communities, but the story of women is a central and crucial part of our American history. Ulrich supports her thesis by showing women adeptly performed any job necessary that benefited the family including that of deputy husband; “women played a central part in the communications network” which connected neighborhoods; women controlled sexual behavior; women engaged in and controlled significant trade; women exercised “considerable influence in the churches” and “enlarged the meaning of their own lives” as Christians; and women demonstrated heroic qualities “in the face of hardships of

Although there were several gold rushes, including one in the south, the one thing which makes the California gold rush stand out from the other is the large amount of writing which was produced by not only the California gold seekers but their wives and family members they left back on the east coast. For many of the men who dreamed of going to California, a lot of the literature pieces around this time offered a way out of the “impasse between respectability and the marketplace” (Roberts, pg. 52). The writings had major effects on the American middle class and people were learning important lessons. Several of the lessons from these writings is that “polite culture had its limitations, and nature, or the West, was a utopian space in which one could escape the stiffness of bourgeois respectability” (Roberts, pg. 60). What this means is that by the 1840's many of the men believed that their bodies were becoming softer due to the acquisition of table manners and parlor etiquette. The marketplace was becoming harsher and it required strength, not manners. The average miner had a family, a mother, a sister, a wife, or a mistress that he wrote to while he was in California. The letters exchanged between the men on the West and the women in the East would

Evans continues to trace the evolution of women’s roles in society, which increasingly diverged from men’s roles-- for indigenous women as male-dominated war metaphors became more culturally central, and for Europeans as men grew very economically successful compared to

The daily life of a miner was far from perfect. The way the papers and other means of propaganda had portrayed getting rich quick, but it was far from easy. All the equipment that was needed to start out as a miner was for the most part outrageous. The earning wages from gold was” sixteen dollars an ounce” pg.8. Even so, the work was backbreaking. There was swarms of minors trying to get rich quick. To many miners that traveled to get a piece of the precious metal they where resorted to taking land from previous land owner just to get ahead in the Gold Rush. Not to mention that the living conditions where also outrageous. The “rentals of hotels and other business structures, whether of boards or of canvas, reached even dizzier heights than did commodity prices” pg.8. This spaces where set prices at 3,000 dollars a month or 40,000 dollars for a year, there was also other prices around the area of San Francisco. And in some cases miners where resorted to living in a room filled to the brim with other miners. This lead to very poor conditions for any one to live in. But nothing was better then being rich in a few months or

Throughout coal country during the early 1900's you could find the fiery spirited Mother Jones; a union organizer for the United Mine Workers. Mother Jones fought tirelessly to bring together the ‘rank-and-file miners' in order to improve their working conditions, wages, and give them a voice in the workplace. What made Mother Jones the most feared woman in the 1900's was her power of conviction. Her speeches were extremely moving, which called men to action, and if her energy and passion were not enough she would embarrass them, calling their manliness into question. Mother Jones was so moving she was also able to call the mothers and children of the mineworkers to aid in their efforts. She was one of the most successful union organizers

do was ask the men at the mill to keep the secret for another six

As Martha Ballard writes in her diary, "A womans work is never Done as the Song says and Happy is shee [sp] whose strength holds out to the end of the rais [race]." Women, like Ballard, contributed useful and skilled labor, though it was often derided, mocked, or overlooked. However, the work of women varied greatly, due to location, social class, race, time-period, and more. This essay will focus on two very different groups of women, early female settlers of the Chesapeake area during the seventeenth century and the Native American women of the Iroquois Confederacy, spread across northeastern New York and Ontario during the same time period. Through the analysis, the necessity of the study of women 's work will become evident; it aids historians in understanding women 's past: including gender perceptions, the myriad of experiences faced by different women, and the changes over that occurred over time.

The Gold Rush of California was a “shot heard” round the world that caught the ears of many individuals who were seeking the golden opportunities of the West. (Chan & Olin 1992). With the dreams of wealth on the horizon, the Gold Rush brought on a drastic change in American society. For the women of this period, their lives would be altered in ways that would change the Western frontier. With an eagerness for wealth and equality women now found themselves struggling to survive in a society that was mainly male dominant and branch out from the normalcy of womanhood, which would transform occupational drive, prostitution and marital status.

The opening chapter of this book discusses the role of women in the Californian provinces, and the problems they faced just because they are women. One of the major problems that women faced at this time, was the constant sexual abuse by Spanish soldiers. The soldiers raped women of all ages and hurt anyone that tried to stop them. During these acts of abuse, venereal diseases, such as syphillis, would be past along to the Native Women and then across their missions. This disease soon became

The article, The Cult of Womanhood: 1820 - 1860 written by Barbara Welter discusses the philosophy towards women in America during the mid 19th century. A set of demands and expectations based upon four principles: piety, purity, submission and domesticity were placed on women as well as certain behavioral expectations left 19th century women feeling guilty. It also left women feeling this way during the industrialization period as well as having a huge presence of incompatibility with society. Welter shares her viewpoint that the Cult of Womanhood was an attempt to preserve pre modern values in the industrial age. Men held a dominant place in society and continued to prevent new opportunities for women to explore. Narrow minded

Some critics have advanced the notion that one of the reasons there is such a paucity of women and of strong, beneficent women in particular within this story is due to what they represented in typical Victorian England society. Women were generally viewed as "a social force or a source of authority" which "reinforces this fiction of coherent male identity" (Doane and Hodges 63). This quotation suggests the fact that women were generally the keepers of morality and virtue within Victorian

The explorers were men, the landholders and merchants, the political leader’s men, the military figures men. The very invisibility of women, the overlooking of women, is a sign of their submerged status.”

Justification for the subjugation of females to males during the sixteenth century came from a variety of sources. Ranging from the view that God gave Adam authority over Eve as penalty for the fall, to a belief in the superiority of a husbands’ physical strength over that of his wife, attempts at rationalization of the restricted freedom of women came from every direction.1 Puritan reformers also believed that Eve was God’s gift, given to Adam ‘to consummate and make up his happinesse.’[1] From this perspective, we can easily make the mental adjustment necessary to embrace the view of