Regenerative Brayton Cycle Analysis

A period of 5 years from 2008 to 2013 is considered for combustion instabilities performance evaluation before modifications measures are fully implemented. In the past major changes in the gas turbine exhaust gas temperature distribution as well as reduced margin to the combustion stability were observed in all 5 S1 gas turbines, leading to hot/cold spots events and trips, Acceleration Max 1,Max 2 unload events and Max 3 trips.

Mr. Abou-Zeid has a Diploma in Mechanical Engineering with a specialization in Energy (Gas steam turbine engines and combustion engines) from University of Applied Sciences, Germany

An  increasing  global  demand  for  energy  is  an  immense  challenge  for  power  producers  around  the   world.   The   International   Energy   Agency   (IEA)   forecasts   that   the   world   economy   will   demand   at   least  40%  more  energy  by  2030.  As  a  result  of  the  fast-­‐‑growing  power  needs  in  emerging  markets   and   new,   cheaper   methods   of   extracting   natural   gas:   the   gas   turbine   market   is   expected   to   rise   substantially  to  accommodate  this.  Recent  studies  from  the  Federal  Energy  Regulatory  Commission   (FERC)   have   indicated   that   natural   gas-­‐‑fired   power   plants   utilizing   land-­‐‑based   gas   turbine   equipment  (known  as  combined  cycle  plants)  are  to  account  for  46%  of  the  new  power  generation   capacity  additions  through  2035  in  the  US  economy.

The Carnot cycle is reversible and thus represents the upper limit on efficiency of an engine cycle. Practical engine cycles are irreversible and thus have inherently lower efficiency than the Carnot efficiency when operated between the same temperatures. One of the factors determining efficiency is how heat is added to the working fluid in the cycle, and how it is removed. The Carnot cycle achieves maximum efficiency because all the heat is added to the working fluid at the maximum temperature TH, and removed at the minimum temperature TL. In contrast, in an internal combustion engine, the temperature of the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder is nowhere near its peak temperature as the fuel starts to burn, and only reaches the peak temperature as all the fuel is consumed, so the average temperature at which heat is added is lower, reducing

Because many great innovations are being employed in the engine design such as: direct air intake, sequential variable compression ratio, super mixing process, constant volume combustion, controllable combustion time, high working temperature of the burner, high expansion ratio and self adapting sealing system etc., the thermal efficiency of the engine could be potentially as high as 65 %, even more if water add-in technology is to be

This gives each intake cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power. Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear, shaft, or chain connected to the engine's crankshaft. When power is provided by a turbine powered by exhaust gas, a supercharger is known as a turbo supercharger – typically referred to simply as a turbocharger or just turbo. Common usage restricts the term supercharger to mechanically driven

From labelled Figure 1 above, it is seen that gas turbine is made up of the shaft, compressor, combustion chamber and the turbine section. All these components of the turbine engine work closely together. Each section serve

The many advantages, particularly it low cost to produce electricity in comparison to traditional methods, its efficiency and lack of emission of greenhouse gasses, working independent of the weather and it’s inverse effect on the consequent use of fossil fuels outweigh it’s few but notable disadvantages of cost to build power plants and potential risks of radiation due to mishandling.

The by pass air is the factor for all these achievements of turbofan. The major thrust production is done by by-pass air and the residual by the core.

As noted in the table above, the initial Capital Costs appeared quite appealing for the initial base design option but when coupled with the long term (10-year period) operational costs at the assumed 6% discount rate, Option 1 slightly edged out over Option 2. This standing increased furthermore when a sensitivity analysis was completed as noted in section 6.1.1, which noted an even greater advantage if the cost of energy was assumed at $0.15 per kWh or if discount rate was increased to 11%.

New techniques reduce the environmental burden of coal fired power plants and allow higher efficiencies with a better conversion of heat to electrical energy

Along with incentives for renewables, the proposition of cogeneration was introduced. The idea is such that waste heat from power generators will be recovered to increase the overall efficiency of fuel consumption. With the development of cogeneration units, heat can be much more easily and efficiently stored, and even further, such units could be ramped up whenever power is needed and the heat would be stored for later. To provide an incentive for cogeneration units, Energiewende set a bonus for each kW-h of power produced by the cogeneration unit—this power has priority on the grid.

The compressor takes in the air from the atmosphere at atmospheric pressure, and if the carburetor is connected upstream then the mixture of fuel. It rapidly accelerates this mixture or air which causes adiabatic compression in the inlet manifold. We have connected the carburetor after the compressor. As the inlet valve opens, the pressure built rams the charge inside the combustion chamber.

Flow path I cools the stator winding. This flow path passes through water manifold on the exciter end of the generator and from there to the stator bars via insulated bar is connected to the manifold by a separate hose. Inside the bars the cooling water flows through hollow strands. At the turbine end, the water is passed through the similar hoses to another water manifold and then return to the primary water tank. Since a single pass water flow through the stator is used, only a minimum temperature rise is obtained for both the coolant and the bars. Relatively movements due to the different thermal expansions between the top and the bottom bars are thus minimized.

Power projects are essentially capital intensive. Not only they involve a highly initial cost which is around Rs. 4.5 to 5.0 crores per MW for coal-based plants but also huge operation cost. The running expenses of a 210MW thermal power station may range around thirty crores every month and usually about 80% of this goes towards the fuel cost. Not only fuel cost but also fuel crises increasing day to day. It is therefore, very important that one gets the best performances from the installed power plants. The first criterion of performance is the plant output. Failure in generating the maximum