Regional Antibiotic Resistance Of Helicobacter Pylori

The development of antibiotics was an important advancement in 20th century medicine. Previously deadly infectious diseases are now routinely treated with antibiotics. Moreover, for modern-day medical procedures such as chemotherapy treatment to be successful, antibiotic use is necessary. For these reasons, the prospect of bacteria developing widespread resistance to antibiotics is a major concern as it would render many modern-day medical therapies unviable.

Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop

Section 3 of the Promise for Antibiotics and Therapeutics for Health Act or the PATH Act, which call for current PATH Act legislation to be modified so that it “will allow health experts to more easily develop new treatments for antibiotic resistant bacteria, and make real progress in presenting a great number of illnesses and deaths in the United States”1. In addition, this new legislation will impact Section 506 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C 356) by introducing into its current language a new subsection (g) “Limited Population Pathway for Antibacterial Drugs”. Thus creating new avenues for the introduction of alternative treatments for limited populations based on the recommendation of Secretary

pylori. However, the second option omeprazole 20 mg twice daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily and amoxicillin 500 mg twice daily, is better for the patient based on cost because it is less expensive and the patient has concerns about medication with less copay.

With the antibiotics if H Pylori is confirmed, what would you educate the patient about these medications?

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that inhabits the human stomach and has been linked as a risk factor for chronic gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. H. pylori is able to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach due to its urease enzyme which converts the urea in gastric juice to alkaline ammonia and carbon dioxide. Infection with H. pylori is generally contracted during childhood and can persist indefinitely if untreated. Possible risk factors for H. pylori infection include poor diet, poor hygiene, density, low socioeconomic status (SES), and family history of gastric disease. Studies have found an increased risk of infection with consuming food prepared under unsanitary conditions and a reduced risk with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Poor hygiene

It is always challenging to accurately diagnose abdominal pain in the primary care settings. An extensive knowledge of the anatomy and physiology could help narrow down possible causes of abdominal pain.

One of the important aspects to consider is the high resistance levels of H. pylori to antimicrobials agents commonly used for treatment of gastric mucosal infections, such as ampicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline and metronidazole

According to Fitzgerald, Helicobacter Pylori bacteria is found in 90% of the patient with duodenal ulcer (2015). This organism produces beta lactamase, therefore it’s resistance. Patient will need an antimicrobial therapy to eliminate the H. pylori infection and prevent recurrence of the disease in addition to an acid suppression therapy. The treatment therapy is known “standard triple therapy” That includes Proton pump inhibitor as well as clarithromycin and amoxicillin or metronidazole (Das, Sureshkumar, Sreenath & Kate, 2016). If the disease is caused from repeated use of NSAID then the drug of choice is Misoprostol 200mcg four times daily with food until NSAID is discontinued. Another form of treatment if cause does not relate to NSAID

Hello Kelli, I enjoyed reading your post. You made some good points. I just want to add to what your mention about H. pylori being treated with two varieties of antibiotics the patient may also be given proton pump inhibitor, histamine receptor blocker, and protectants to help relieve pain. I think it is interesting o how the breath test is performed and thanks for sharing that information because it very helpful. It is also important that patient doesn’t eat or drink anything for a least 6 hours before the breath or stomach biopsy is performed. Other than those small adjustments that I wanted to add, I think you did a wonderful job.

Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).

The main purpose of the paper is to explore how bacterial cells, specifically Helicobacter pylori get their helical shape and what function the shape has. Helicobacter pylori is an interesting specimen to study because while some information is known on shape formation of bacterial cells (Bacillius, Coccus, Vibrio), little to no information is known of the factors that produce Helicobacter pylori’s shape. In reality, when Helicobacter pylori forms it must elongate itself, have curvature and twist itself in a specific manor to gain it’s final shape. This sort of morphological change isn’t set in same way as a bacilli elongates, or a vibrio curves, because previous studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori lacks some of the genes, or the genes

The overuse of antibiotics has been a problem for well over a decade. This misuse leads to many nonvisible problems arising within the human population. As the use of antibiotics increases, the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria also increases. When bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic, another antibiotic must be used to try and kill it and the cycle becomes vicious. Michael Martin, Sapna Thottathil, and Thomas Newman stated that antimicrobial resistance is, “an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society” (2409).

An incredible and incorrigible oversight has transpired in the scientific community which has overlooked the review and research of Multidrug resistance (MDR) relative to pathogenic bacteria and their ability in developing resistance against what should be lethal doses of pharmacological drugs, which are lethal to bacteria without resistance. More than half a century ago, to the tune of 88 years, Alexander Fleming (1945 Nobel prize recipient) cautioned his peers about abuse of antibiotics with the introduction of penicillin. And yet even as early as the 1970s a clear majority of “experts” assumed the war on infectious diseases was won, such as when the Surgeon-General stated it was time to “close the book” on infectious disease. I can forgive ignorance but not arrogance, and I disdain apathy and as such it is with much exoneration and adoration that I can respectfully say that most recently the United Nations, on September 2016, has issued a point to prevent the misuse of antibiotics and to reinvestigate how to successfully combat bacterial pathogens. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also been on board with unraveling the mechanisms associated with bacterial resistance. A few topics of note are the bacterial MDR efflux pumps (EP) which are a determinant factor, having an array of physiological functions expressed by efflux genes. These genes are regulated by multiple systems, to which a promising efflux inhibitor may soon inflict a state which these EP will be

According the World Health Organization (WHO), antibiotic resistance is one of the world’s greatest health threats to date (Haddox, 2013). In the article, The Health Threat of Antibiotic Resistance, Gail Haddox (2013) discusses the danger antibiotic resistance poses in today’s society and strategies to prevent the expansion of antibiotic resistance. In Europe alone, an estimated 25,000 deaths have been attributed to multi-resistant infections (Haddox, 2013). Common infections are now harder to treat due to the increased resistance to antibiotics across the world, in fact some are becoming untreatable. Antibiotics should be treated like oil, a non-renewable resource (Haddox, 2013).