Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells Essay

Also, regulation of proteins occurs at the level of DNA as well as on other levels. In some cells, certain sections of DNA are bundled tight in a mass of proteins, in such a way that no RNA (and thus no protein) can be made from them. This turns off those genes. In other sections, only a few proteins might be keeping the DNA turned off, so that it could quickly be unravelled and used to make proteins.

Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is

Enzymes are catalysts that function to speed up reactions; for example, the enzyme sucrose speeds up the hydrolysis of sucrose, which breaks down into glucose and fructose. They speed up reactions but are not consumed by the reaction that is taking place. The most important of the enzyme is the shape as it determines which type of reaction the enzyme speeds up. Enzymes work by passing/lowering and energy barrier and in doing so; they need to bind to substrates via the active. Once they do, the reaction speeds up so much more quickly than it would without the enzyme. Coenzymes and cofactors aid the enzyme when it comes to binding with the substrate. They change the shape of the active site so the substrate can bind properly and perform its function.

Enzymes are defined as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but remain the same themselves. The shape of an enzyme enables it to receive one type of molecule and that specific molecule will fit into the enzyme’s shape. Where a substance fits into an enzyme is called the active site and the substance that fits into the active site is called a substrate. Several factors affect enzymes and the rate of their reactions. Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or activators can all affect enzymes. Temperature can affect enzymes because if the temperature gets too high, it can cause the enzyme to denature. pH can affect an enzyme by changing the shape of the enzyme or the charge properties of the substrate so that either the substrate cannot bind to the active site or it cannot undergo catalysis. Every enzyme has an ideal pH that it will strive in. Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction because more substrate molecules will be interacting and colliding with enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed. Inhibitors can affect enzymes and the rate of their reactions by either slowing down or stopping catalysis. The three types of inhibitors include competitive, non-competitive, and substrate inhibition.

On the biochemical level, enzymes work at precise temperatures and pH levels. When the temperature goes up, enzyme activity speeds up. When temperatures decrease, enzyme activity slows down. If an enzyme is at too high of a temperature, it stops functioning. Stomach enzymes function in a more

Enzymes are biological catalysts. They work by lowering the activation energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction. Enzymes work within an optimal temperature and optimal pH. Enzymes are highly specific for a single substrate. The Enzyme is usually much larger in size than the substrate it binds to. In some cases, an enzyme requires something called a cofactor to begin the chemical reaction. There were four different experiments that were executed in the enzyme lab. Experiment 7.1, the first experiment, was performed to test the effect of temperature on enzymatic

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (speed up) biological reactions in an organism by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. They do this by either straining the bonds in a molecule so that is easier to break up or by placing separate molecules/elements close to each other so that bonds are formed. Enzyme activity is influenced by an array of different factors such as enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH and inhibitor concentration. All of these affect the rate of reactions of enzymes and some such as temperature, inhibitors and pH can under circumstances cause enzymes to become permanently affected. Catalase is an enzyme found in almost all organisms on earth exposed to Oxygen.

Abstract Enzymes are organic catalysts that can help speed up chemical reactions (enzymes function p57). There are very few exceptions, however all enzymes are proteins. Every enzyme is specific to a certain chemical reaction depending on its substrate as well as amount (enzyme function p57). Enzymes must maintain a specific structure so that they can work properly. If an enzyme's structure is changed by chemicals or heat it may not be able to function at all.

INTRODUCTION: Enzymes are catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. Activation energy is the amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place. Enzymes act on substrates which bind to the enzymes’ active site. The enzyme changes its shape to accommodate the substrate which creates the new product. Furthermore, there are optimal conditions which will allow the enzymes to function at its highest rate. These opyimal conditions include temperature, pH levels, and the concentration of the enzyme (Fox, 2013). If the environment is not suited for the enzymes’ optimal conditions then enzymatic reactions cannot occur at its highest rate or may not even react at all. For example, if the temperature is higher than the enzyme’s optimal temperature then the enzyme may become denatured.

Moreover, there are various factors in which effect the performance of an enzyme. For example: temperature, pH, concentration

Golgi Apparatus, Is a membrane structure that found near the nuclease that is composed of multiple layers that forms a sac like shape and also it packs proteins.

Each enzyme has a specific set of conditions under which it is most efficient, this is known as the optimum. A change in its certain optimum condition, can affect the enzymes ability to act on substrates. The main conditions which has the biggest effect on enzymes, is temperature and pH. If the temperature becomes too high,

Enzyme is the fastest known catalyst. They increase the velocity and rate of reactions in living cells. Diverse range of proteins works as enzyme with their specific temperature point, pH etc. Enzymes react with the molecules known as substrates. Binding site of an enzyme and a substrate is known as active site. The amount of enzyme present in a reaction is measured by the activity it catalyzes. The relationship between activity and concentration is affected by many factors such as temperature, pH, etc. Though enzymes are important for biological reactions, certain factors play an important role in the

Most enzymes become denatured past forty degrees Celsius. Also, most enzymes lose activity when frozen at about zero degrees Celsius. As stated before, enzymes have an optimum pH at which they function. Enzymes can lose all activity or we can say that the rate of activity decreases for enzymes at extreme pH values. Each enzyme functions best at a different pH. As researched, the optimum pH for peroxidase is between 6.0 and 6.5, or even ranging from 6.0 –7.0 is better. The majority of enzymes have their best activity between a pH of 6 to 8. The vast majority of enzymes are proteins. Because enzymes are proteins, they are made of amino acids causing them to weigh differently. Also, most enzymes are made up of multiple enzyme complexes. With this being so, the weight of an enzyme can affect its activity. In enzymes, there are also many types of bonds found. These bonds contain hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, or covalent bonds, which will affect enzyme activity. For instance, covalent bonds are the strongest and hydrogen bonds are the weakest. Along with the structure of the enzyme, stronger bonds hold the enzyme together longer under extreme conditions. Basically, the enzyme has to bind to a specific site on the substrate-or the molecule that needs to be changed. The enzyme can bind at a site called the active site, or at a different site on the substrate called an allosteric site.

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and help reactions take place. In short, enzymes reduce the energy needed for a reaction to take place, permitting a reaction to take place more easily. Some enzymes are shape specific and reduce the energy for certain reactions. Enzymes have unique folds of the amino acid chain which result in specifically shaped active sites (Frankova Fry 2013). When substrates fit in the active site of an enzyme, then it is able to catalyze the reaction. Enzyme activity is affected by the concentrations of the enzymes and substrate present (Worthington 2010). As the incidence of enzyme increases, the rate of reaction increases. Additionally, as the incidence of substrate increases so does the rate of reaction.