Related Literature Of Administrative Corruption

Someone who is abusing the power that is given to him or her defines corruption, however, the word in its self is more than a simple idea; it is an intricate network. Since people’s views about ethical and moral behavior affect the way corruption is examined, the word has a slightly different meaning to each person. Additionally, misconduct across various societies is viewed differently due to social and cultural borders. The criminal justice system has had many instances where corruption had affected the outcome of a case and has inserted itself into the legal process.

Corruption is something very common in the world today. This corruption has seriously affected the economy and resulted in misappropriation of public resources. Many place policies have not changed the situations because of lack of commitment by government in enforcing the set policies. Corruption is defined as the abuse of power for personal gain. People who are in the politics become corrupt because of greed; they want the public resources to satisfy their own needs. This term is very broad, and people perceive it differently, and thus politicians and civil society have a different definition of the term. Although there are some practices that have been defined to constitute corrupt practices, still corruption is extraordinarily broad and

Corruption, as we know, exists on all levels of society. We see it everyday when people and businesses lie in order to reap the benefits. Even the slightest bit of corruption is inevitable to some degree. The practitioners develop sly tactics to manipulate people, so the act does not appear to be corrupt, and so they are able to get away with it. At times, an act will appear to be purely out of good intent, but may actually be immoral. Often the semblances of purity and innocence that a group upholds are actually corrupting that present generation and generations to come.

It would be convenient to start this research paper by stating that corruption is a challenge mainly for businesses in developing countries and that it is unrelated to the current affliction of the economy in the United States. It would also be convenient to claim corruption has declined in America as a result of awareness raising campaigns and the numerous anti-corruption laws. But none of those aforementioned statements would be true. Corruption is not the exception, but rather the rule in today’s business practices. In 2004, Daniel Kaufmann, a senior fellow at Brookings Institution and former director at the World Bank, calculated an index of "legally corrupt" manifestations which is defined as the extent of undue influence

This three acts of corruption have a huge negative impacts on the society, it can cost people’s live, become a major obstacle to democracy and law, depletes national wealth, makes people undermine their trust in the political system as well as environmental degradation. Therefore, due to its high level of harm to the society, Transparency International fully dedicated its non-confrontational approach and the available partnership to get all of the relevant parties to negotiate and beat the corruption through a step-by-step process (Transparency

In looking at international efforts in preventing corruption, there is a similar situation where not all corruption is deemed “against the law”, where corruption may go unnoticed because of the lack of effort taken in preventing it. Antonio Argandoña, a professor emeritus of Economics and Business Ethics, examines the UN’s Convention Against Corruption, pointing out that there was no “obligation to make [small-time corruption] in the private sector a criminal offence”, especially when “the line between private and public sector is blurred”, as in many countries (490). Interestingly, Wolfgang Hetzer, general of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), claims that this “silent corruption” is no longer the case, stating that “It is no longer correct to say that corrupt practices are gradually

The following paper evaluates different sources that explain why is important to define corruption as a human right violation. In the same way, the research makes a deep emphasis of the benefits that the redefining corruption and including it into the International Bill of Rights. It seeks to describe the different types of corruption and their means of affecting the civil and political, as well as the economic, social and cultural rights of the people. Continuing with a deep description of the different aspects of the International Law and its appliance to past and current events in the global community. Followed by a scholar research of the different aspects that scholars argue that convert corruption in a crime directly tied to human rights violations.

This wide definition of corruption does not cover any corrupt activities committed in a private entity or fund. This does not however imply that corruption only occurs in the public sector. Instead the network of corruption extends into executive, judiciary, legislative, civil-service, private sector down to the village tycoon and villager who gives gifts to

Corruption has unfortunately been a very common phenomenon in the work environment throughout the years. It is defined as ¨an intent to gain particular personal advantage at the cost of organization¨ he/she

Corruption is moving in every sector of administrative and social function like a circle in the country. It can be said that corruption is in part of our daily life like having lunch. (Sabharwal, 2013).

Corruption is a set of unethical and dishonest practices that are done with the intention of self-enrichment usually at societal expense.Alege,Adamu and Muhammad (2014) defined corruption as efforts to secure wealth or power through illegal means for private gain at public expense or as a misuse of public power for private benefit.The World Bank (1997) defines corruption as the abuse of public office for private gain.Corruption therefore mainly involves those public figures regardless of whether they have authority or not.Corruption comes in different ways including bribery,extortion,emblezzement,tender selling etc.Research has shown that it is difficult to accurately measure the levels of corruption a country has.It has been shown that countries with high levels of corruption experience a negative correlation between corruption and economic growth as compared to those countries with relatively low levels of corruption. The World Bank describes corruption as ‘‘the single greatest obstacle to economic and social development. It undermines development by distorting the rule of law and weakening the institutional foundation on which economic growth depends’’. This paper therefore will mainly focus in administrative corruption in the public sector. The corruption index (CPI) published by Transparency International is used to rank countries according to the level and prevalence of corruption and the said country. . According to research from various authors including Mauro (1995)

Corruption has always existed in different forms, and is not determined by politics or geography. It exists in rich and poor countries alike, it involves both individual States and international organizations and its costs are borne by the citizens. It affects the proper running of governments, distorts the correct functioning of economic and political institutions and hampers transparency, exploits the human person for selfish interests, renders respect for rules obsolete and is a manifestation of structural sin. In our own locality in Kenya, citizens complain about corruption in the high offices but will comfortably cheat each other in the market place. Public transport hikes rates at will without regard to theconsequences on the most vulnerable. Big decisions affecting the citizenry are made at coffee tables in hotel lounges where “lobbying” means financial and political inducement. For every special interest bill that makes its way into parliament, members of Parliament seek to be sensitized in terribly expensive seaside resorts.

All throughout history one thing that has consistently stayed prominent throughout the world is political corruption. Political corruption can be surveyed as when a ranking government official use their power to make illegitimate gains in their private life. However, to define political corruption would be an illicit act done by an elected official that institutes political corruption if the act is unswervingly correlated to their authorized responsibilities, which is also done beneath the color of law or encompasses trading in influence. Political corruption doesn’t always happen, but it has had a pattern throughout history and is the biggest problem in the world at any given time.

Political corruption has existed throughout the ages. It believed to be most prominent in positions of power, because of the role money plays in getting people power. However, over the centuries, corruption has changed so much so as to not match a particular definition of corruption, perpetually growing deceptively harder to find (Ebbe).

Corruption leads to the demoralizing aspects of frustration and apathy. Also it will raise the negative spread between the members of the community. Corruption also results into a lack of professionalism and the loss of the value of