Relationship Between Congress And Media Paper

Ever since the 17th century, the newspaper has been produced and blown out of proportion, known as mass media. George A. Krimsky shines his own opinion in his essay, “The Role of the Media in a Democracy.” Krimsky provides many examples, reasoning, and rhetoric devices to expand his argument even more, his argument being that; the press should send out straight facts, let people interpret them, and allow the free press to hold the government accountable.

The media has grown and become more prevalent in the lives of everyday people, causing it to be a very large industry that looks to expand its audience and be profitable while doing so. Elections are very important to people and the easiest way to access the information regarding the candidates is through the media. “Agenda setting can thus be seen as another name for successfully performing the first function of framing: defining problems worthy of public and government attention.” (Entman, 2007). The media pushes their agenda regarding

Consequently, the political sphere is now being colonised by the media, and politics has begun re-orientating itself to satisfy the logic of media organisations (Meyer, 2002, p. 71). Therefore, the media are active participants in the policymaking process and the ability to stimulate change or maintain the status quo depends on their choice of subject or policy issue and how they frame it. Active investigative reporting attempts to shape policy outcomes, but this does not necessarily mean that it always represents the most successful approach for gaining policy changes (Spitzer, 1993, p. 7). In fact, sometimes passive, straight reporting can have a greater influence on policy choices. When this occurs, media independence is largely bypassed, as the news generated depends solely on the information released (as public relations material) from legitimate news sources. For example, in the United States, White House staff routinely make ‘leaks’ - expressively to influence policy decisions (Davis, 1992, p. 143; Robinson, 2001, p. 948). Robinson noted that journalists regard “leaks… as indispensable to their work” and that they are aware of their use by officials in return for scoops (2001, p. 949).

In his article, “The Political Impact of Media Bias,” Ethan Kaplan states that, “In a representative system of government, policy outcomes are affected by the political preferences and the beliefs of the voters. The media plays a key role in shaping these preferences and beliefs. It collects, summarizes, and frames the information that voters use in their voting decisions”(Kaplan 1). As previously stated, the media provides us with our information, and they control what it is we receive. This information is what leads us to our ideas and our beliefs. Therefore, the media is able to shape our very mind to fit their agenda. An example of this is

The aim of my literature review is to investigate and study the hypothesis that the more a specific news media outlet prefers a particular candidate, the more likely the person viewing that media outlet will vote for that candidate. Media bias is any media outlet exposing a partisan view within news story coverage and gives one side of the political spectrum an advantage through immanent reporting by selective display of perspectives and facts. The news media is defined as a media outlet that provides political news coverage in print or television format, this includes print and outline newspapers, and broadcasting television news stations. Several liberals and conservatives write about the existence of media bias. They each express that media bias exists against the other. Whether the news media strengthens public opinion or simply shapes it, media outlets are considered to have strong effects on voters. The power of media bias is examined by scholars who show how it effects election outcomes and voter perceptions.

Nobody can doubt that the role of mass media in the present-day life is extremely important for a society. Mass media aims not only to inform, educate, and entertain people, but also influences the way they see the world; it may change their views and, in general, mould public opinion. Except for newspaper reports, radio and TV broadcasts, with the help of the Internet people have an unlimited access to the most burning news and tons of important information, and as a result, they lose the possibility to evaluate the information flow critically. Despite the liberal activity of journalists, they are always dependent on political powers that are in control. Thus, there is a problem of news media bias helping to create necessary political spin in the society.

The purpose of this essay is to explain how the media is biased and in what direction the bias leans towards. For a long time, there has been speculation that there is a liberal bias in the mass media. This is a problem because, “citizens cannot cast informed votes or make knowledgeable decisions on matters of public policy if the information on which they depend is distorted, it is vital to American democracy that television news and other media be fair and unbiased.” [1] Unfortunately, the information we receive in the news, campaigns, and other media are often portrayed to be or look a certain way, either to favor a particular political party, just make it look negative, or scare and the divide the public.

The media has played a significant role in American culture. It has influenced our political, social, and economic beliefs for centuries as well as our democratic values. The objective of the media is to provide audiences with fast and reliable news while informing citizens with the latest news coverage. The majority

Equally vital, the media has played a part in civic forum. By facilitation the debate about the major issues of the day and mediating between citizens and the state, the freedom of press can strengthen the public sphere. For instance, the role of the media is particularly important during election campaigns, as balanced and open access to the information of both parties. The provide the essential conditions for informed voting choices, the media provides citizens with information to compare and evaluate the prospective policies, leadership characteristics of parties and candidates and the retrospective record. In the meanwhile, the role of the news media as a civic forum remains deeply flawed where major newspapers and televisions stations

Understanding the background and history of the Agenda Setting Theory is imperative to this analysis. Dr. Max McComb and Dr. Donald Shaw developed the Agenda Setting Theory in a study conducted during the 1968 presidential election (McCombs & Shaw, 1972, p. 178). This study describes how if an audience is exposed to the same media, they will place importance on the same issues. This theory strictly presents information and sets the terms of public discourse. At the time, this was a trailblazing new idea.

In our democratic society, mass media is the driving force of public opinion. Media sources such as Internet, newspaper, news-broadcasts, etc, play significant roles in shaping a person’s understanding and perception about the events occurred in our daily lives. As long as the newspapers, internet, network television, etc, continued to be easily accessible to the public, the media will continue to have an influence in shaping its opinions. Factors such as agenda-setting, framing and priming help shape the public opinions. Agenda-setting is when the media focuses their attention on selected issues on which the public will form opinion on, whereas framing allows the media to select certain aspects about the problem and then

     The media provides the public political issues, which sets the agenda for political discussion. In theory the media tries to attune themselves to the interest of the public, but “in most instances the media severs as conduits for agenda-setting efforts by competing groups and forces” (Ginsberg, Lowi & Weir, 1999, p. 298). To gain public support, groups and forces need media coverage to promote their ideas. However, the media has great control over which issues they televise. The issues must have media appeal or be considered newsworthy.

When the White House felt a retraction was not enough because so much harm had already been done, the media got extremely upset with the White House, due to the pressure they were putting on the publication (52-53). Begala agrees with Hewitt that the media has a bias, but argues that it is a liberal bias. He cites the media's obsession with the Clinton and Monica Lewinsky scandal and how, "Even when Clinton was leaving office, he was hounded and pounded by the press" (199). He argues the news coverage was unfair, brutal and unethical in the way both Bill and Hillary Clinton were treated during the scandal (200). Begala also says Al Gore was treated very poorly by the press during the election, by being misquoted. Gore made major contributions during the early phases of the internet and made a comment on CNN saying he "took the initiative in creating the Internet." Begala argues this was blown out of proportion and more than a thousand articles have been written quoting Gore saying he said he "invented the internet" (202). The people's perception that certain publications are bias can have a negative affect on journalists as a whole. While the public demands that the press question politicians, Robinson says there is public discontent when bad news is reported due to the publics distrust in news and a "kill the messenger syndrome." At times, the public will assume all media is the same and when one publication is guilty of inaccurate or bias

This underscores why politicians have long perceived mass media as a veritable channel of disseminating an ideology so that the society can mirror itself against what the media feeds it and thus be manipulated. This further begs the question of whether the media is a contributor or otherwise to societal problems in the face of political ideological dissemination.

The 2000 Presidential Elections are upon us and who do we turn to for information regarding the candidates? What issues will be the hot topics for the election race? For that matter, what will be the hot topics in the media for next week? Just as this paper must be structured, organized, and center around a main idea, so must all information presented to an audience. Information can only be easily processed if it contains some kind of structure. This includes the information that is provided by the media. The media have to structure their ideas and stories on a daily, weekly, and even monthly basis. This process is known as agenda setting. Television, radio, and print medias all use agenda