1. What research question did the paper address?
This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between the puff size (while smoking a cigarette) and the amount of nicotine being inhaled. The researchers wanted to see if there was compensation in puff volume, for the reduced nicotine yields. To provide an unbiased study, the yields and characteristics of tar, carbon monoxide, taste, and draw were all the same, while the nicotine content varied with different participants. There were high, medium, and low nicotine yields, with 24 participants, 14 male and 10 female. The study was done after an 8-10 period of abstaining from smoking.
2.Why was it important to address this question? Why do we need to know the answer to this research question?
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Are the methods explained in sufficient detail to allow another scientist to replicate the study? If not, what details are missing?
There is a sufficient amount of evidence to replicate this study, yet the environment was not discussed and could alter results. This means that if the study were done in an uncomfortable environment, or since the subjects are being watched, it could be skewed, and they did not explain this in enough detail.
4. Please describe all the results (all important results). Tell me what the results were without any interpretation of what they actually mean.
The number of puffs and the interval between puffs did not vary throughout participants who were smoking different amounts of nicotine. Subjects took a longer period of time to smoke high nicotine cigarettes, which also gave them side effects such as rapid heartbeat, lightheadedness, and shakiness. They also found that the puff volume had decreased throughout the duration of smoking that cigarette. Puff volume and nicotine content were directly related to high or low nicotine. When there was a 67% increase of nicotine, there was actually only a 33% increase in puff size.
5. In your own words describe what you think the results tell us. What do the results mean? How do you interpret the
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The participant information was not discussed and could easily skew results, such as the individual’s habits and lifestyle. A participant could be under the influence of another substance, or highly stressed, which are said to make cravings of nicotine higher. A relaxed, sober participant could have puffed a smaller volume of the low nicotine cigarette. Another flaw would be the fact that none of them enjoyed the taste of the cigarette in the study. If the participants were smoking a cigarette of their favorite brand with the flavors they like, the puff size would likely increase. I think that would be a difficult study to hold, but the results may be more accurate. The percentage of nicotine to the percentage of puff size increase would likely be closer with their cigarette of choice. Otherwise, the questions were answered and the results were provided in
· Based on your review of the statistics in the study, do you agree with the study’s conclusions? Why or why not?
6. Although you are basically satisfied with the analysis thus far, you are concerned about the
List results of outcomes relevant to answering the focused question, please briefly explain the meaning of any numerical results.
1.What two factors did you investigate in your procedure, and why did you choose to compare these two factors?
1. Describe the context (why it was done, the general interest and what the researchers wanted to find out) of the research and research question (what is the hypothesis). /10
Part B: How might each of the following concepts affect the results of the study?
Table 2, 4 and figures shows how quickly nicotine acted and how inefficient is on increasing the heart frequency. In table 2 were 2 drops of nicotine were added, the resting amplitude and frequency start at .009 V and 61 BPM, then later on around the 30 to 40 seconds it drops to .006 and .007 V, and 34 to 37 BPM. For table 4, were 10 drops of nicotine were added it was also a decrease, as it was mentioned before the amplitude and frequency decreases from .009 V to .007 V in the amplitude after 10 seconds of the addition of nicotine and from 63 to 50 BPM after 1
I am writing this report on the issue of vaping and smoking. I will go into detail explaining the effect of vaping and smoking in the human body and the effect it as on society. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of vaporing will be provided. In this report I will include statistical illustrations and diagrams on how it affects the society and draw conclusions with the given evidence. I have decided to research this topic because of how much smoking has affected the people especially younger people in the society.
Once nicotine is in the blood stream it flows almost immediately to the brain. The carbon monoxide that is inhaled through the use of a cigarette reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry. The reduced amount of oxygen and the effects of nicotine delivered to the brain cause an imbalance of the amount of oxygen that is demanded and the amount of oxygen supplied. As a result of a reduced amount of oxygen in the blood stream the heart rate increases, because the heart has to increase the flow of blood to deliver the amount of oxygen that is required throughout the body. The body’s blood pressure also increases when nicotine is introduced into the body. Nicotine stimulates the adrenal gland which releases adrenalin and noradrenalin. The release of these hormones can have numerous effects on the body’s vascular system and cause an increase in blood pressure.
This study “A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes” is important because it dives into the details surrounding current teen phenomenon and obsession of vaping. As someone who has been in high school and has siblings in high school, I am well aware of the especially large effects it can have on adolescents health and safety. Not all that much is clear about vaping, so it is extremely important that research about it continues. A study is the most helpful when it is conclusive, not when it has mere suggestions. In this case, more studies performed means that we are closer to a foundational argument about the effects of vaping amongst teens. According to this methodical article, 76 studies were investigated, polling various bits of information from a variety of sources.
3. Sample Population: Who exactly was used in the study? How many? (Be as specific as possible.)
there's no denying vaping is taking off and there are 2.1million using vape in uk and this number is steadily rising as a numerous smoker and desperate to quit the Death stick and turn to vape as substitute . In there study, they ask five participants age 21 to 41 to attempt give up smoking and turn to e cigarettes as alternative method,thet give the vapourlites Starter kit and each participants package to catered their smoking; how many cigarettes they use a day and what brand .they wanted to notice the change physical such as in eating ,sleeping, craving and changes the participants social life.
First of all, cardiovascular, People who use snuff have a 40% higher risk of cardiovascular death compared with people who do not use it at all (Wickholm, Galanti, Soder, & Gilljam,2003). Moreover, nicotine has a negative influence on the cardiovascular system. It increases the heart rate and the blood pressure, and it also constricts the peripheral blood vessel which leads to increase the risk of a fatal cardiovascular (Asplund, 2002). Furthermore, nicotine inside snuff has immediate effect on the rate of heart and it causes disturbance of the heart rhythm which may lead to the risk of a sudden death (Asplund, K, 2001). In addition, as long as the nicotine is absorbed, the blood pressure of both systolin and diastolic in heart rate will rise rapidly (Asplund, K. 2001). Moreover, Rolandsson, Hellqvist, Lindqvist, & Hugoson (2005) have mentioned that people who use snuff, their hearts beats are faster and increasing by an average of 16 beats per minute. In addition, more than 95% of snuff users showed that snuff promote artery lesions. (Rolandsson, Hellqvist, Lindqvist, & Hugoson, 2005).
Sometime back one of my friends who were a regular smoker claimed to feel good and motivated to do any task after he smoked. Although he later on stopping smoking he always said that smoking was the best thing that had happened in his life. I, later on, discovered that the reason behind his happy mood after taking a puff was contributed by nicotine, which triggered his brain to produce a happy feeling. Use of nicotine is said to cause several social influences. For instance, smoking plays an integral part in starting a conversation among smokers.
Smoking is not just a bad habit, but also a complex addiction. Experts believe that nicotine exerts its powerful addictive effects by