19th century English philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge believed that “deep thinking is attainable only by a person of deep feeling.” Coleridge claimed that emotions played a decisive role in using reason and attaining knowledge. However, I am often confronted with evidence contradicting his statement. Emotions cause me to make poor decisions, and the first example that comes to mind is the fact that I am currently working on this essay late at night while earlier I had wasted time reading articles on the Internet and watching football. Still, Coleridge believed that the positive effects of emotions outweighed the negative. This raises the question to what extent do emotions play a role in the pursuit of knowledge? And would our pursuit be better off without emotion? This essay will primarily analyze the relationship between reason and emotion, arriving at the conclusion that while emotion fuels the process of reasoning, it is reasoning that creates knowledge.
For our discussion, let us agree upon a universal definition of knowledge; knowledge is the theoretical and practical understanding of phenomena acquired through the use of facts, information, skills, and experiences. Now, for context, let us apply this definition to Ivan Pavlov’s conditioning experiments. During the late 1890’s Pavlov experimented on dogs to analyze their ability to connect new stimuli to their appropriate responses. He demonstrated that by ringing a bell before feeding a dog, one can eventually
Pavlov’s discovery of classical conditioning was a complete accident (Hock, 2009, p. 66). Pavlov was doing physiology research with salvation’s role with digestion when he discovered classical conditioning. In his research, he had dogs with their salvation glands redirected to their cheek in order to test the amount of saliva produced when presented with different foods. Pavlov then noticed that the dogs would salivate before they even got the food. He then discovered that the dogs had associated the worker’s footsteps with the food. So, when the dogs hear the footsteps they know that food is on the way so they begin to salivate.
There are various theories under behaviourism perspective explaining the different ways of learning. Essentially, Pavlov played a vitally important role in building the basis of the theory called classical conditioning with the famous experiment with dog (Krause et al., 2015, p. 161-162). From the research, he found out the relationship
“The assistant’s footsteps, for example, seemed to act like a trigger (the stimulus) for the dog to start salivating (the response). Pavlov had discovered how associations develop through the process of learning, which he referred to as conditioning (Licht, 2016) The dog was correlating the sound of footsteps with the coming of food; it had been conditioned to subordinate certain sights and sounds with eating. Intrigued by his discovery, Pavlov decided to focus his research of dogs’ salivation (which he termed “psychic secretions”) in these types of scenarios (Fancher & Rutherford, 2012, p. 248; Watson, 1968). Pavlov’s examinations led to the development of classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning is a form of basic learning the body automatically responds to a stimulus. One stimulus takes on the properties of another. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) is credited for discovering the basic principles of classical conditioning whilst he was studying digestion in dogs. He developed a technique for collecting dog’s salivary secretions. Pavlov (cited in Eysneck M.W 2009) noticed that the dogs would often start salivating before they were given any food or saw the feeding bucket or even when they heard the footstep of the laboratory assistant coming to feed them. Quite by accident Pavlov had discovered that the environmental control of behaviour can be changed as a result
Pavlov was a Nobel Prize-winning physiologist who contributed a great deal to the field of psychology. His research into the process of the conditioned reflex is considered a milestone discovery in behavioral psychology as well as modern physiology. Pavlov focused on digestion studies which then would lead him to the act of learning and the discovery of conditioned reflexes.
Pavlov presented dogs with food, and measured their salivary response (how much they drooled). Then he began ringing a bell just before presenting the food. At first, the dogs did not begin salivating until the food was presented. After a while, however, the dogs began to salivate when the sound of the bell was presented. They learned to associate the sound of the bell with the presentation of the food. As far as their immediate physiological responses were concerned, the sound of the bell became equivalent to the presentation of the food.
Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist in Russia in the early twentieth century. He was doing research on the salivation in dogs in response to being fed. He noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even when he was not bringing them food. At first he did not think much of this, but he decided to look more into this. He did more experiments with the dogs and different stimuli. Through his new experiments he came up with the theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus; because of this pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus with the same power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit
Ivan Pavlov, a physiologist, wanted to find why human bodies react to certain stimuli the way it does. For Pavlov’s experiment he got his assistants to introduce food and nonfood objects to a dog to measure the rate of salvation. Different foods would cause the dog to salivate more. For instance the dog would salivate more when it received dry food than when it received wet food. Pavlov called this a reflex and concluded that happens automatically. Pavlov found two kinds of reflexes must exist and one of these reflexes was an unconditional reflex which is an automatic reflex that is not learned. The other reflex is conditional reflex which is learned or acquired during experience. Pavlov wanted to see how the conditional reflex was actually
He first started his research on the dog’s digestion but he then started to notice that when the dog’s mouth started watering whenever they were presented with food. This could be considered a UCS because it’s a natural response to food. He also noticed that the dog’s mouth would water when someone with a lab coat walked in the room. Pavlov later discovered that this is due to classical conditioning. This is considered a conditioned response (CR). The dogs had to learn to associate the food with the people giving them the food. He then decided to start studying the conditioned response to the people in lab coats and the dogs drooling. Pavlov decided to start fresh. He introduced a bell to the dogs. At first the bell was not paired with the food. This was considered a neutral stimulus. Before it was paired with the food it didn’t mean anything to the dogs, just an extra noise. He started to condition the dogs by ringing the bell first and then right afterwards gives the dogs food. He had to make sure to give the dog’s food right after the bell was rung or it wouldn’t have made a difference. If the food was not given right after the bell was rung the dogs would not have associated the bell with getting food. After a while of conditioning Pavlov was able to just ring the bell and the dogs would promptly begin to salivate. This step is called the acquisition step; it’s when the animal or person has finally learned the
In classical conditioning, a physical event (stimulus) that initially does not evoke a particular response gradually acquires the capacity to evoke that response as a result of repeated pairing with a stimulus that can evoke a response. Learning of this type is quite common and seems to play a role in such varied reactions as strong fears, taste aversions and even racial or ethnic prejudice. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered this method of learning while he was experimenting on the digestive systems of dogs. He noted that the dogs would naturally salivate after seeing the food, but that eventually the dogs also began to salivate whenever they saw the experimenter’s white lab coat.
Pavlov sounded a bell when a group of dogs were eating. Pavlov continued this action for several meals. After a while, Pavlov was able to sound the bell without giving the dogs food and the dogs would salivate. This is because Pavlov conditioned their behavior so that the dogs would salivate at the sound of the bell.
As the son of a priest, his plan was to attend theological seminary; however, he was inspired by the ideas of Charles Darwin, and abandoned his theological studies to study science. He was a man totally committed to research, often times forgetting to pick up his paycheck. While studying canines digestive systems, a “happy accident” occurred, leading Pavlov to adjust his research focus onto the study of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. Pavlov’s findings were crucial to behavioral psychology and other scientists such as Watson and Skinner.
In this experiment Pavlov would ring a bell and then present a dog with food (King). Food is an unconditioned stimulus for a dog which provokes the unconditioned response of salivation (King). When the bell, a neutral stimulus, and the food, the unconditioned stimulus, are continuously paired together, the dog begins to associate the sound of a bell with food (King). This initial association is known as acquisition (King). After the dog learns this association, the bell alone will provoke salivation (King) The bell is then a conditioned stimulus and salivation is a conditioned response
Environmental cues that initiate responses were observed by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov made initial observations pertaining to 'classical conditioning'. Pavlov correlated environmental cues and physiological changes as he observed dogs salivating in response to a collection of cues that signaled feeding time. Without the stimulus of food present, there was an observable response to the anticipated stimuli as the dogs salivated in preparation for the emanate arrival of food (3).
Ivan Pavlov, a physician, preformed many experiments concerning the physiology of digestion, by accident he discovered what is now known as classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning (Wood, Wood, and Boyd 137). Classical conditioning is “a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another” (Wood, Wood, and Boyd 137). Learning implies that there is at least a semi-permanent change, this change could be demonstrated through behavior for example. In classical conditioning two stimuli are paired together multiple times. A stimulus is “any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds” (Wood, Wood, and Boyd 137). Pavlov, the father of classical conditioning, found that dogs’ natural response to food is salivation. Therefore, whenever the dogs were presented with food they salivated. Salivation is an unlearned behavior, this is referred to as the unconditioned response. He observed that a large portion of the dogs would begin salivating before the food was even presented. For example, the dogs would begin to salivate when they saw the attendant, whom was responsible for feeding them or when they heard the sound of their feeding dishes rattling (Wood, Wood, and Boyd 137). The dogs associated the cues of the attendant and the rattling of the bowls with the unconditioned stimulus, food. An unconditioned stimulus is “a stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning” (Wood, Wood, and Boyd