Relationship Between Theory And Practice

Literary translation is portrayed by Weshsler (1998:p.9) as an “odd art” because “it consists of a person sitting at a desk, writing a fiction or poetry that has already been written, that has someone else’s name on it…”.In the like fashion, literary translation is considered by Landers (1999) as a unique form among all other forms that translation takes, for instance, technical, scientific, legal, and so forth, which are just some technical and specialized terms and do not make a particular relationship with the original but in literary genre, the translator should make relationship with the original text and be familiar with the author’s culture.

In most cases, texts that are translated lose meaning, as sometimes words from a native language cannot be translated exactly into a desired language, or they lose context. World literature translations also lead to the ‘dangers of a single story’ where you only get to read one side of the story (the one of the author) without having a perspective of the natives about the story that was written. To understand, how language is used in world literature, and how text translations change our understanding and meaning of the text, we need to be able to understand the culture, have historical understanding of the time the literary work was written, and factors that might affect society in which the author had written.

Throughout the years, we, translators, have been providing the mankind a service for them to communicate with each other. However, with the recent technologic advances, the necessity of translators have started to diminish little by little. Today in our mundane lives people use online translation websites powered by machine translation (MT) to ease their lives. Even so there are a lot of different views, which are mostly negative, about MT and its efficacy and future, as long as the technology advances, the function of MT will be enough to dominate the global market and this will be regarded as disqualification of translators. “Google translates more words in 1 minute than all human translators in one year!” and this statement won’t change

Newmark (1988) considered translation as a matter of choice. His idea is that translators should have the skill which enables them to decide upon the most appropriate equivalence. Translator’s choice depends on certain criteria in accordance with a specific theory. Regarding this matter, one of these problems was about how to achieve equivalence or the equivalent effect of the political terms or expressions. Wrong choice giving the inadequate or inaccurate translation.

Finally, there are my experience and there are strengths and weaknesses in translation. If repeated the conversation I was practicing and training on the translation requirements and overcome most of the

When books, speeches, or just everyday conversation become translated into other languages parts can be lost or start to no longer make sense; some of the parts get “lost in translation”. Some words have such a deep meaning in a language that if you try to translate them they may be lost and lose some of their meaning. Because of this, it cannot be translated but it also should not be translated.

One cannot say that one level of equivalence is better than the other because they are intersecting and every level of them is important to the other one. The recent views of translation depend on the text to translate and concentrate on the purpose and ideas of that text rather than words such as Hatim and Mason (1990) who claim that we should never translate words, we translate sentences, ideas or messages. Nevertheless, Newmark (1988) asserts that who believes in translating texts rather than words will find himself dealing with words at the end. The emphasis on one level rather than the other might be affected by factors such as the method of translation, the type of text translated, the theory of language, etc, but still a translator has to keep each level in mind. Baker (1992) asserts that equivalences at word level and above word level are related to each other in order to have an equivalent translation. She asserts that a single word can have different meanings in different languages and cultures and there are different types of meaning included in lexical items: referential, connotative, associative, metaphorical, allusive, etc and the best way to find the suitable meaning is through looking at other

Across all the books and scholars the definition of machine translation is the same but indicated in different ways. According to Alqudsi, Omar and Shaker the definition of machine translation is “a computer application that translates texts or speech from one natural language to another. Machine translation receives a source sentence, by translating the source sentence and give the meaning of it in the target language” (549). Another definition for machine translation, “Machine translation (MT) is automated translation. It is the process by which computer software is used to translate a text from one natural language to another” (“Machine Translation” 3).

In this section we discuss the two translation strategies ‘domestication’ and ‘foreignization’. There are several strategies that translators can be used in translating a source language text into the target language. Strategies of translation involve the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate and these tasks are determined by various factors like cultural, economic, political, and linguistic etc. Also translation strategies refer to the changes or shifts that occur in the process of translating. The changes would include transposition, addition, omission, etc. The earlier approaches of translation strategies were mostly debated over the word-for-word translation as well as the sense for

Throughout the years, a lot of metaphors have been used to describe the work of translation. In this essay, the focus will be on the metaphor “Taduttore Traditore” (from the Italian: to translate is to betray).

The translation ethics proposed by Berman places focus on converting “self” through communicating with others. With the purpose of pursuing cultural diversity and protruding language and cultural differences within source text, American structuralism translation theorist, Lwerene Venuti, proposed an assertion of promoting cultural renewal and transformation, which is called “ethics of difference” (1998). Anthony Pym addressed the issue of inter-subject responsibility and power and provided the concept of “interculturality” (2001). Then, Andrew Chesterman put forward “five models” on translation ethics from the perspective of interpersonal and intercultural communication, which includes ethics of representation, ethics of service, ethics of communication, norm-based ethics, ethics of commitment (2001). Systematically and thoroughly summarized previous studies (Chen, 2012), Chesterman’s theory has brought translation research up to a new level (Guo, 2014), among which, ethics of communication, places extra emphasis on communicative functions of languages and interpersonal communication (2001) with the aim to improve relationships between source

I will use the “skopos theory” to support my ideas in this whole thesis, which will be explained roughly in this paragraph and in detail with instance in the following part. Skopos theory is the most important part of the German Functionalist School. It was first advanced by Hans J.Vermeer and improved by Justa Holz−Manttari and Christiane Nord later. The word “skopos” comes from Greek, meaning “purpose, motive and function”. The point of this theory is the principle of purpose, defined by those German Functionalist translators as every activities of translation is decided by the purpose of translation, which in one word means method depends on purpose (Reiss and Vermeer 1984: 101; Nord 2001: 29).

Translation, increasing the knowledge and awareness of readerships, has always been considered as a bridge connecting different cultures to reach a compromise. However, since translation sometimes has different surface and deep meanings, that is, intended meaning is not clear from the surface structure, it has been always undergone different strategies. Needless to say, discourse analysis plays a crucial role in fulfilling this purpose. As a branch of discourse analysis, pragmatics,

Floros reviews the ways in which the study of translatology has been categorized by different typologies. He presents and rejects several formulations, binary ones- such as word for word, and sense for sense,

The translation is the multifaceted phenomenon and some aspects of it can be the subjects of the research of different sciences. In the frames of the science of translation psychological, literature critical, ethnographical and other points of translation as well as the history of translation in one or other country are being studied. According to the subject of research we use the knowledge of the psychology of translation, the theory of art and literary translation, ethnographical science of translation, historical science of translation and so on. The main place in the modern translation belongs to linguistic translation, which studies the translation as linguistic phenomenon. The different kinds of translation complement each other and strive to detailed description of