Relationship between Exposure to PAH's and Insulin Resistance

Type II Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes or aadult onset diabetes. It is a medical disorder that, due to a number of factors codependent with the modern world, is characterized by higher than normal blood glucose levels that play havoc with insulin deficiency and resistance. Insulin resistance means that cells do not respond appropriately when there is free insulin in the blood system. Essentially, they body is reacting to an improper balance of sugars and insulin. Because obesity is often present, research suggests that even thought the mechanisms controling glucose and insulin are unclear, the adopose tissue likely

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin within the body, preventing the glucose from

Insulin resistance is when the body’s cells do not respond to insulin. When this happens the level of glucose in the blood increases. Insulin resistance may also cause more insulin to be produced as the body tries to move glucose into cells (Sedwick 1). High insulin levels may cause the appetite to increase and lead to imbalances in other hormones. Insulin resistance is considered an early form of diabetes.

Weight: The more fatty tissue you have, the more resistant your cells become to insulin.

By definition insulin is refer as a hormones which assumes a key in the regulation of blood glucose levels and an absence of insulin can lead to the improvement of the symptoms of diabetes (The global diabetes community, 2014). Decrease insulin concentrations trigger adipose tissue lipase causing lipolysis of triglycerides in glycerol and free fatty with consequent elevation of fatty acid transport into mitochondria where ketone body development happens (Keays, 2007). Understanding the significance of insulin serves to know more about how the body utilizes it for energy. As we know our body is made up of millions of cells, thusly to create energy, this cells need food in exceptionally straightforward structure (Type 2 diabetes, 2014). When we eat or drink, a great part of the nourishment is broken down into a straightforward sugar called ‘glucose’. Basically, glucose is transported through the circulatory system to these body cells where it can be utilized to provide the energy the body requirements for daily exercise. The decrease of glucose levels in blood is caused when the amount of glucose in the blood ascents to certain level; hence, the pancreas discharge more insulin to push more glucose into cells. While to keep blood glucose levels from getting

Two mechanisms, insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion, are vital functions that lead to the development of Type 2 Diabetes. Insulin resistance is the effect that insulin has on insulin-sensitive tissues and their response to the insulin (McCance and Huether, 2010). Abnormality of the insulin molecule, high amounts of insulin antagonists, down-regulation of the insulin receptors, decreased/abnormal activation of postreceptor kinases, and alteration of glucose transporter proteins all lead to defects of the insulin molecule itself (McCance and Huether, 2010). Because the patient is obese, he is at risk for hyperinsulinemia and decreased insulin receptor density. When compensatory hyperinsulinemia occurs, the client may not begin to see the manifestations of Type 2 Diabetes for several years (McCance and Huether, 2010).

Increasing insulin resistance. Insulin is a critical hormone that helps regulate blood glucose use throughout the body. People who eat or drink large amounts of sugar can develop a condition known as insulin resistance. The body can still produce insulin, but the body's ability to use it for blood glucose regulation goes down, which triggers the body to produce more insulin. This is known as metabolic syndrome, which is a precursor to Type 2

insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone produced and released by the pancreas that allows cells to use sugar from the blood. In Type­2 Diabetes cells become unable to recognise insulin and no longer take the glucose from the

The insulin resistance diet contains low carbohydrates, moderate fat and moderate protein that will be designed to slow down the digestion process and keep a check on the sugar levels. This is a very effective and natural means for people suffering from diabetes and is simple to follow. This notion is based on what our ancestors

Insulin helps regulate sugar in the blood stream and also stores excess glucose of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the patients compensate for increased insulin resistance at the tissue level by increasing pancreatic beta-cell insulin resistance (Weyer et.,al). When this compensation is no longer adequate to overcome the insulin

Diabetes is the condition wherein the body develops a resistance to or produces low levels of insulin. The hormone insulin is important to allow the body to metabolize blood sugar. Without insulin, the blood glucose remains in the bloodstream, leading to all sorts of complications.

Obesity related insulin resistance is a common metabolic disease and has been found to occur due to alterations in the genetic constitution of an individual or in the environmental conditions.

Thus, deposition of PM2.5 on alveoli was found to trigger an inflammatory response and oxidative stress, accompanied with the release of a host of pro-inflammatory mediators, vasoactive molecules and reactive oxygen species into the circulation. These will subsequently affect the vascular integrity and induce thrombogenesis138, 140. Also, it has been proposed that PM2.5 can modulate the autonomic nervous system and result in increased vasoconstriction and change heart rate variability, which will potentially enhance the risk of developing arrhythmias and thrombosis141. Importantly, it has been found that the dose-response relationship between particulate matter exposure and cardiovascular mortality is also non-linear142. In fact, the observed dose-response curve was steep at low levels, suggesting that a consequential adverse cardiovascular outcome can happen as a result of exposure to low levels142. Interestingly, a study suggested that PM2.5 is responsible for more than 90% of the predicted harm caused by thirdhand smoke pollutants143. In summary, clearly, there is substantial evidence in the literature that PM2.5 from ambient air pollution and smoking exerts harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. However, whether e-cigarettes PM2.5 produces similar effects is not known yet, but warrants investigation. This notion is

Insulin resistance refers to a condition where the cells in the body, particularly the receptors on the cells, do not respond to a hormone called insulin. Insulin is a hormone that normally signals cells to take up glucose to use as energy or sometimes store. Lifestyle factors like poor diet and lack of exercise can cause cells to become resistant to insulin leading to the to the loss of the signal telling the cells to let glucose in cells which can cause high levels in the blood. Insulin resistance and high blood glucose is a hallmark precursor for type II diabetes and can be officially reached when blood glucose reaches 126 mg/dL. Along with type II diabetes, insulin resistance can lead to hyperinsulinemia which may cause many more factors

It is widely understood that cigarette smoking carries many serious health risks, especially for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension (Rahman et al. 2007). Studies have shown that cigarettes release over 4000 different chemicals, all of which can wreak havoc on the every organ of the human body, especially the cardiovascular and pulmonary system, when inhaled (Jonas et al., 1992; Sin and Man 2003). Over 200 people die every day from complications due to cigarette smoking in the United States alone, and smoking cigarettes causes an estimated 76% of all vascular disease (Czermin and Waldherr, 2003; Cole et al., 1993). It therefore stands to reason that cigarette smoking and how it specifically effects the human body would be an extremely relevant area of study.