Relative Reactivities of Different Types of Hydrogen Atoms toward Bromine Atoms

The main objective of this experiment is to differentiate between a physical change and a chemical change.

6. Summarize in a few sentences the halogenation and controlled oxidation reactions of 1°, 2°, and 3° alcohols.

The Purpose of this experiment is for the students to learn how to use sodium borohydride to reduce benzil to its secondary alcohol product via reduction reaction. This two-step reaction reduces aldehydes by hydrides to primary alcohols, and ketones to secondary alcohols. In order for the reaction to occur and to better control the stereochemistry and yield of the product, the metal hydride nucleophile of the reducing agents such as LiH, LiAlH4, or NaBH4 must be carefully chosen. Being that LiAlH4 and NaBH4 will not react with isolated carbon-carbon double bonds nor the double bonds from aromatic rings; the chosen compound can be reduce selectively when the nucleophile only react with

The objective of this laboratory experiment is to study both SN1 and SN2 reactions. The first part of the lab focuses on synthesizing 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol by using an SN2 mechanism. The obtained product will then be analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and refractive index. The second part of the lab concentrates on how different factors influence the rate of SN1 reactions. The factors that will be examined are the leaving group, Br – versus Cl-; the structure of the alkyl group, 3◦ versus 2◦; and the polarity of the solvent, 40 percent 2-propanol versus 60 percent 2-propanol.

Part two of the experiment focused on household items like food and cleaning products. It was interesting to see how different chemicals react with the bromthymol blue. The all purpose cleaner turned into a light yellow

8. ISBN: 0-558-05245-2 Virtual ChemLab: General Chemistry, Student Lab Manual/Workbook, V. 2.5, Third Edition, by Brian F. Woodfield and

Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to observe a variety of chemical reactions and to identify patterns in the conversion of reactants into products.

The purpose of this experiment is to distinguish the relationships between reactants and products, in addition to expanding on concepts such as single displacement reactions, mole ratio values, moles to mass, theoretical yields, limiting reactants, excess, stoichiometric relationships and percentage errors.

Absorptions in the region of 1450 to 1600 cm-1 often designate an aromatic ring and when consulting the C-H region we can confirm its aromatic since the peak is to the left of the 3000 cm-1.

The purpose of this experiment is to examine the reactivities of various alkyl halides under both SN2 and SN1 reaction conditions. The alkyl halides will be examined based on the substrate types and solvent the reaction takes place in.

The free radical chlorination of 1-chlorobutane resulted in a mixture of at least 4 different possible products from the reaction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry helped in figuring out which of the products are most abundant in the sample product created as well as in discovering the ratio of relative reactivities of the hydrogens. This experiment showed that the ratio of relative reactivities was found to be 1.0 : 3.5 : 6.2 : 2.4, which indicates that the secondary hydrogens are more reactive than the primary hydrogens and that reactivity further increases the further away the hydrogen is from the chlorine on the 1-chlorobutane. The results agree with the conjecture that the primary hydrogens are less reactive than

Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. In these reactions, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) and reacts with an electrophilic reagent (an electron pair acceptor) resulting in the replacement of a hydrogen on the aromatic ring with the electrophile. Due to the fact that the conjugated 6π-electron system of the aromatic ring is so stable, the carbocation intermediate loses a proton to sustain the aromatic ring rather than reacting with a nucleophile. Ring substituents strongly influence the rate and position of electrophilic attack. Electron-donating groups on the benzene ring speed up the substitution process by stabilizing the carbocation intermediate. Electron-withdrawing groups, however, slow down the aromatic substitution because formation of the carbocation intermediate is more difficult. The electron-withdrawing group withdraws electron density from a species that is already positively charged making it very electron deficient. Therefore, electron-donating groups are considered to be “activating” and electron-withdrawing groups are “deactivating”. Activating substituents direct incoming groups to either the “ortho” or “para” positions. Deactivating substituents, with the exception of the halogens, direct incoming groups to the “meta” position. The experiment described above was an example of a specific electrophilic aromatic

Timberlake, K. C. (01/2014). Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 12th Edition.

The results from the NMR of 1-propanol showed 3 different prominent peaks with the peak at 2.2 cm-1 being the acetone. Because 1-bromopropane has three non-equivalent hydrogens it was found to represent this set of NMR data. The other product, 2-bromopropane only had 2 different types of hydrogens and would have only had 2 peaks. Further analysis of the structure of 1-bromopropane showed that the hydrogens closest the bromine group were an indication of peak A in the graph. Because of the electronegativity of the bromine, this peak was located further downfield. There were 2 neighboring hydrogens so using the n+1 rule gave the 3 peaks. Going down peak B showed the next carbon which had 5 neighboring hydrogens thus giving 6 peaks. Finally, the carbon furthest away from the bromine was found at peak C. It had 2 neighboring hydrogens and provided 3 peaks.

The objective of this experiment is to successfully perform a dehydration of 1-butanol and 2-butanol, also dehydrobromination of 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane to form the alkene products 1-butene, trans-2-butene, and cis-2-butene. The dehydration reactions react under and acid-catalysis which follows an E1 mechanism. It was found that dehydration of 1-butanol yielded 3.84% cis-2-butene, 81.83% trans-2-butene, and 14.33% 1-butene, while 2-butanol is unknown due to mechanical issues with the GC machine. For the dehydrobromination, with the addition of a