Relevancy of Institutional Theory for Managers.

The internationalisation process of the firm has been a subject, which has been motive of study for a number of

Neo-institutional theory has been introduced by Meyer and Rowan (1977) and DiMaggio and Powell (1983). According to Modell (2009a), neo-institutional theory or neo-institutional sociology has been developed over the past two decades. Different from old institutional theory, neo-institutional theory highlights the dynamic of organisational changes at macro-level (Tolbert and Zucker, 1983; Kasperskaya, 2008). According to Arafa (2012), neo-institutional theory focuses on studying institutional behaviour in a given organisation as it embeds the institutional environment. Kasperskays (2008: p. 365) also adds that neo-institutional theory has been employed in order to understand the ‘uniformity’ and ‘similarity’ of the organisational changes in particular institutional conditions.

Stages of company Internationalization (Uppsala Model) 1. International Marketing – Ethnocentric Orientation 2. Multinational Marketing – Poly centric Orientation 3. Global marketing – Geocentric Orientation 4. Transnational Marketing – Glocal

According to latest MSCI Emerging Market Index, there are 24 emerging market in the world, including China, India, Brazil, Russia and South Africa – also called the BRICS countries. According to the World Bank, in 2013, the total GDP of BRICS countries was $15.8 trillion, putting the BRICS in the third place after EU ($17.3 trillion) and US ($16.8 trillion). Therefore, without going into the detail GDP of other developed and emerging economies, it can be inferred that the importance of emerging countries in the global economy has been increasing over time. In view of the increased significance of these economies, the current study is expected to provide some additional light in the area of the legitimacy of multinational companies in emerging economies.

With the support of relevant examples, examine the development of management theories and how these theories may affect the management practices in PRIMARK:

All the processes within an organization should be planned and carried out in a way that they would not only support the strategies but the business vision as well. In case that the processes aren't planned in a manner that they would support the goals of the firm they can not only reduce the productivity of the firm but can also face the risk of being terminated (Carr, 1996; Gouillart, 1995; Gareth, 2006).

Over the last few decades there has been a substantial amount of attention being diverted towards born global firms who unlike ordinary firms, have defied the traditional stage wise process of internationalization. These firms have long puzzled researchers and challenged the basic perception of internationalization. As a result it has given way to a new field of research and aroused global interest in the emergence and success of these firms. This essay will go on explain why born global firms emerge, the factors that influence them and examples of born global firms in the real world. Uppsala’s theory of internationalization (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977 ) and Stephen Hymer’s Three Determinants theory are used to further analyze this essay.

The work of Katz (1975) reports that it is known that a critical challenge in the United States is the "selection and training of good administrators" however little exists in the way of agreement about what it precisely is that makes a good administrator. The cause of the difference in opinions on this subject is stated to be "industry's search for the traits or attributes which will objectively identify the 'ideal executive' who is equipped to cope effectively with any problem in any organization." (Katz, 1975, p.19)

Legal, political, cultural and economic factors are driving forces for business in emerging market economies but they are not equally the same. Concentrating on two factors, both cultural and economic, the second part of this

multinationals (EMNCs), through outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). This internationalisation phenomenon, has led to increase interest from researchers in the international business discipline (Cavusgil, 1980; Hoskisson, Eden, Lau, & Wright, 2000; Jormanainen & Koveshnikov, 2012). In 2013, emerging economies invested $553 billion, representing 39% of global OFDI, compared with only 12% at the beginning of the 2000 (UNCTAD, 2014). These trends are consistent across different emerging market sub-regions, as organisations that are aggressively investing are doing so not only from large emerging economies like China, India, Brazil, and Russia but also from a number of new emerging economies in Asia, Latin America and Africa (Gammeltoft, Pradhan, & Goldstein, 2010; Goldstein & Bonaglia, 2007). Emerging markets (EM) are seen generally as low income, rapid growth countries using economic liberalisation as their primary engine of growth (Hoskisson et al., 2000). The economic liberalisation or open policies adopted by these emerging markets during the last two decades has led organisations from these economies to internationalize or seek markets abroad. Emerging markets are known to be heterogeneous in their level of development and environmental surroundings (Bianchi, 2014). Each manifests different starting points or different stages of

As a leading emerging economy, Brazil is becoming a potential market for multinational corporations to conduct business. Brazil’s economy has improved drastically over the last decade. Brazil has been categorized with the four emerging economies collectively known as BRIC: Brazil, India, Russia, and China. The Country’s rapid development and capabilities makes it a very promising destination to extend business.

The most challenging decision that a company may face in internationalization is the degree of standardization or adaptation in its operations. The question of standardization or adaptation affects all avenues of a business’ operations, such as R&D, finance, production, organizational structure, procurement, and the marketing mix. Whether a company chooses to standardize or adapt its operations depends on its attitudes toward different cultures. These attitudes are defined by three orientations toward foreign culture: ethnocentric, polycentric, and geocentric.

The main focus behind the development of management theory is the quest for good ways to make use of managerial means. Management theory evolves constantly with the continuous stream of new ideas that come from the attempts to transform theory into practice, and vice versa (Aguinaldo & Powell, 2002). Progression in management theory normal happen as key personnel discover great methods to accomplish the most important management responsibilities: planning, organiz-ing, leading, and controlling human and other managerial means. This paper will show how man-agement theory having to do with suitable management processes has emerge in modern times, and view the main aspects that have led to its prosperity.

The practical studies focus on identifying that internationalization was regular or incremental process .The internationalization process is study focusing on attitudes and behaviors of firms in market that are in the process of internationalization. The practical studies focus on identifying that internationalization was regular or incremental process. Some observations are also made on de-internationalization that point towards the flexibility seen in the duration of the internationalization process.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the internationalisation process of Nigerian firms empirically as this is one of the few studies that have taken this approach in the context of the study using seven case firms. As agreed with the case firms and the University of Huddersfield ethics committee, a pseudonym approach is applied to keep the real names of the firms anonymous; the 7 Nigerian case firms pseudonym is ADG, BDM, CCR, DET, ENA, FCW and GAB. In comparison to other large emerging markets and developed economies Nigerian firms are still in an early stage of development as most sectors of the economy are in their infancy stage. The firms’ expansion behaviours both domestically and internationally would to some extent have an impact on or alter the mainstream internationalisation process theories. Three research questions were developed to address the objectives of this study (1) Do existing internationalisation theories explain the internationalisation process of Nigerian firms? (2) How do emerging markets multinationals evolve and expand over time? (3) How do EMNCs internationalise at the early stage of their foreign expansion? With a study design using multiple data collection methods, the appropriate data analysis technique is paramount to enhance the study quality as well as achieve the study objectives.