Reliability, And Validity Of The Population Of Women With Diabetes

Using a survey tool that was previously designed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices of health care workers and pharmacists, NP students answered the 30-item questionnaire containing subjective questions that measured the participants’ knowledge and attitude about EC such as: its existence, mechanisms of action, intention to include in contraceptive counseling, and willingness to prescribe (Lee et al., 2012). Presumptively, the results can be considered as highly reliable because survey questions were answered both subjectively and anonymously; in other words, no consequences for being honest. In addition, inviting students from various NP programs across the nation ensures a comprehensive compilation of responses which can help reflect

3.2 Belief and attitude barriers: this subcategory includes: some, Believe barriers, and Barriers value: Shame on women due to age and gravid is one of barriers that could be affected preconception care utilization. Participant number 3 (42 years old) said:" With this Age, it will be ashamed to go to the Clinic and said we wanted to be pregnant"

Significant mean differences were found for condom use with a main partner, F (8, 242) = 9.32, P=.0001, but not with other partners (P=.08). A follow-up ANOVA with the advantages and the disadvantages of condom use with a main partner detected significant differences for the mean pros score across motivational readiness, F (4, 122)= 14.86, P=.0001. Results from a follow-up Tukey test indicated that mean scores for advantages were significantly lower for respondents who reported no intention to start using condoms as compared with individuals with higher levels of motivational readiness. No significant differences were detected for the disadvantages across motivational readiness for condom use with main partners (P=.30) (Grimley

The National Survey of Reproductive and Contraceptive Knowledge includes approximately 1,800 national men and women who are unmarried and between the ages of 18 and 29. Individuals were contacted randomly by phone. All females who responded to the survey were included,

Two conceptual model were measured on several items grounded on a four-point Likert scale to (Abdullah et al. 2014; Fox et al. 2009).

Each participant rated 4 healthcare and health related questions on a 1-5 scale (with 1 being very unlikely to 5 being very likely). Each rating was made on a 5 point scale, where lower values indicated more negative responses to each question, and higher values indicated more positive responses.

Content validation of the newly generated items will be determined by the administration of the new survey to eight to ten experts in the field. Experts including 1-10 family physicians, midwives, obstetricians and nurses who have in the past 5- 7 years, participated in providing low-risk obstetrical services to women and families. This group will indicate on the survey whether or not the questions being asked are appropriate and adequate to represent the concept being studied (Aday & Cornelius, 2006). In order to assist this first step, definitions of the three constructs; collaboration, communication and trust will be given to the experts. A Content Validity Index will be used to assist in this analysis (Table 1).

risk for unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, STIs, HIV, psychological trauma, and social stigma. In response, the

They also interviewed medical professionals from many backgrounds, ages, ethnicities, and professions and they gave their advice on a certain situation involving the clients and contraception. The authors of the article learned that you should take positive steps to acknowledge the difficulty and confusion involved in decision making and follow through when it comes to contraception (even though these activities may not be confusing to health care worker) or helping women gain the skills they need to negotiate (or avoid) sexual encounters that put them at risk for sexual encounters that put them at risk of STD’S or unwanted pregnancies.

After the exercise, the women in the group felt safe and well informed, they expressed how the class alleviated their fears by giving them various options. Some of the women expressed their concerns. They feel women are vulnerable to making irrational decisions. The instructor encouraged them to make the decision with the gynecologist before the labor begins and most importantly, their partner should support them through the labor stages. After the end of the session, the instructor asked the participants to take an online survey to evaluate her performance and their understanding of the material.

Healthy People 2020 wants to help mothers, infants and children achieve optimal preconception health, and interconception health. The main goal is reducing the infant mortality rate and preterm births. In order to achieve this, it is important that mothers are educated on how to take care of their body and their growing baby. “Preconception (before pregnancy) and interconception (between pregnancies) care provide an opportunity to identify existing health risks and to prevent health problems for women and their children. These problems include heart disease, diabetes, genetic conditions, sexually transmitted diseases and unhealthy weight” (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2016).

Preconception care is defined as any intervention provided to women or a couple regardless of pregnancy or desire for pregnancy in efforts to improve maternal, new born and infant outcomes. These interventions aim to modify risks including those related to social, biomedical and behavioral determinates in order to better ensure positive outcomes(Dean et al., 2013). Research has found management and prevention of these associated risks have a greater impact when integrated into preconception care than prenatal care alone.

The study used The Avon Longitudes Study of Parents and children, which evaluated a cohort of 14, 541 pregnancies and 13,988 live children. Women ranged between the ages of 16 to 40 years of age, with the mean age at 29.1(SD 4.4). The participants consisted of mostly (98.9%) married (83.55), white (98.9%) women, with an average gestation of 39.5 weeks (SD=1.7) and the mean birth weight of offspring at 7.6 lb. (SD 1.1).

1-not at all 2- some 3- average 4- high 5- outstanding elaborate________________________________________________________________ These sample question will be utilized to obtain a baseline positivity level, for each participants. A total of 50 baseline questions will be administered in this test. These variables will be assigned numerical values to statistically analyze the questionnaires by entering the data into the SPSS program, breaking down the information for comparative research.

The strength of questionnaires is it can give an insight into respondent’s thoughts and opinions and also cost efficient as it is inexpensive.