Renal Cell Carcinoma Essay

Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They're located behind your abdominal organs, one on each side of your spine. Like other major organs in the body, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer. Your kidneys are part of the urinary system, which removes waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from your blood, controls the production of red blood cells, and regulates your blood pressure. Inside each kidney are more than a million small filtering units called nephrons. As blood circulates through your kidneys, the nephrons filter out waste products as well as unneeded minerals and water. This liquid waste — urine — flows through two narrow tubes (ureters) into your bladder, where it's

Scientists hope they can find a possible way to safely pierce the blood-brain barrier. What they want to do next is, to all Alzheimer’s drugs to flow directly into the brain. One challenge is that the blood-brain barrier is there to protect the brain (Mills, D. 2017). If the blood- brain barrier is damaged harmful organisms can invade. The

Most nephroblastomas are on one side of the body only and are found on both sides in less than 5% of cases, although patients with Denys-Drash syndrome mostly have bilateral or multiple tumors. They tend to be encapsulated and vascularized tumors that do not cross the midline of the abdomen. In cases of metastasis it is usually to the lung. A rupture of Wilms tumor puts the patient at risk of bleeding and peritoneal dissemination of the tumor. In such cases, surgical intervention by a surgeon who is experienced in the removal of such a fragile tumor is imperative. Pathologically, a triphasic nephroblastoma comprises three elements: Blastema, mesenchyme, and the epithelium

Brain tumors are an extreme problem that people all around the world experience everyday. Luckily there is treatments to improve and sometimes completely cure brain tumors. To completely understand these treatments, its ideal to completely understand brain tumors first.

The brain is fill with a vast network of capillaries, which are surrounded by a single layer of cells and those cells are what forms a barrier between the capillaries and the fluid of the brain. Those cells are known as endothelial cells. This paper will focus mainly on the blood brain barrier.

Abl is known to mutate its kinase domain so that Gleevec cannot effectively inhibit it and cellular proliferation (Lovera et al., 2015). A western blot will be run to determine the extent this mutation will affect our experiment at the beginning and 4 months into our experiment. Some tumors from all three cell lines will have their cells lysed and run through the gel, which will test for both Abl and Abl-Gleevec compound, as well as a major substrate for Arg-Abl, ArgBP2.

Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in males. Incidence rates vary more than 25-fold worldwide, with the highest rates in the developed countries this may be due to the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen testing and subsequent prostate biopsy in these regions [1]. Overall, the complex morphology, histologic heterogeneity, and the early signs of high malignant potential preclude a straightforward assessment of the metastatic potential of localized prostate carcinoma and show the requirement for extra clinical and pathologic tests for the evaluation of prostate carcinoma stage and clinical behavior[2]

Currently, this technique is now being used at the brain tumor site to heat up the cells and non-invasively ablate them 6. One issue with this method however, is the thermal damage to the skull and unintended tissue damage from the high-intensity of the ultrasound 7. The benefit of combining focused ultrasound with MBs enables the use of a lower-intensity ultrasound field and therefore is less damaging as well as opening up the opportunity to not just ablate a tumor but to also deliver medication locally. MBs are manufactured vesicles composed of lipid or albumin outer shells that range from 1-10μm and travel through the vasculature and microvasculature. The MBs are injected intravenously and when passing by the focal point of the ultrasound are physically and mechanically manipulated8 to then interact with the vessel wall through widening tight junctions and activating transcellular mechanisms to transiently permeate the BBB9 and restore it after about 4-6 hours10. These improvements to a previously developed technology, high-intensity focused ultrasound, means that all that is needed to enable this new approach is to make a few simple modification to these devices to enable low-intensity bursts 11. Studies have shown that BBB disruption occurs over a range of parameters, which then

One of the most important properties of BBB is that it separates the brain tissue from the blood circulation of the CNS. By that it consists of three parts: the layer of endothelial cells connected through tight junctions, basal membrane, and astrocytes and pericytes. Its main function is it only select molecules to pass from the bloodstream into the fluid that bathes the brain, whereas vital nutrients get in, toxins and pathogens are blocked. Formed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells and contributing to the intercellular tight junction, BBB is the creation of a paracellular barrier for ions, proteins and other solutes. The brain has to think a lot and do a lot of extracting necessary ingredients such as oxygen and glucose in order for us to function and live and to do some activity movements. Transporting proteins and drug delivery is one of those mechanism of the BBB in which it allows important substances to pass through into the brain and spinal cord preventing a blockage of certain materials into the CNS.

Patricia is an 84-year-old female who is diagnosed with metastatic colon cancer (C18.9). She also suffers from anemia. Patricia underwent a right hemicolectomy and a partial omentectomy, with noted bulky adenopathy at the base of the mesentery again, this proved to be moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with mucinous features with venous, lymphatic and perineural invasion present. 22/32 lymph nodes were involved with cancer, margins were negative, pathologically this was a T3 N2b cancer. Patricia was treated with 5-FU and leucovorin but still experienced disease progression, with adverse side effects and found to have metastasis to the liver and bone which is KRAS and NRAS wild type. Patricia is currently on Erbitux weekly. She is malaise,

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a metabolic and physical barrier between the central nervous system and the brain blood flow (1). The correct functioning of the BBB is crucial for keeping brain homeostasis and avoiding many poisons and pathogens (2). During cerebral ischemia, BBB disruption is a crucial event that induces an influx of water, resulting in vasogenic edema (3), and causes supplementary brain harm such as dementia through accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide (4). Brain edema aggravates the development of infarct development and causes herniation and loss of life (5). It's been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert deleterious activities, such as BBB disruption and BBB hyperpermeability, during vasogenic edema (6).

This research will explain the history and relationship between math, medicine, and the advancement of treating cancer. Finding the relationship between math and medicine demonstrates how powerful the technology advancement has been when treating cancer patients. Cancer math have been around since the ancient times and it has improved and has gotten a lot better since they have been discovered. Many mathematicians and scientists have come up with different methods and ways using math to help out cancer patients.

A 52-year-old male with metastatic renal cell carcinoma presents for assessment of chronic pain. His pain has been treated with a combination of oxycodone plus acetaminophen taken orally. Despite increasing doses of the analgesic combination, the pain is getting worse.

Carcinoma Urinary bladder is a disease of the environment and age. The lifetime probability of getting bladder cancer is 3.81 % in males and 1.15% in females.1 It is the second most common genitourinary cancer with the most expensive labelled cancer to care for from diagnosis, management to death. As per the Indian cancer registration data in male, it is the 9th most common cancer measuring 3.9% of total cancer cases.2 As life expectancy increases, the number of patients with bladder cancer also increases. For Bladder Cancer the median age at diagnosis was 69 years for males and 71 years for females.3 Incidence is three times more common in male than in female, and 90% of the urinary bladder

EGFR: The most common genetic mutations / alterations seen in gliomas are the amplification of EGFR, expression of EGFR VIII mutant and homozygous / hemizygous deletion of PTEN and NF-1. The aberrant signals that result from these mutations interact with the PI3KAkt- mTOR pathway and are responsible for promoting survival and chemoresistance in gliomas. Therefore targeting the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) with either monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy . Clinical studies with small molecule inhibitors of EGFR, such as erlotinib and gefitinib, have been disappointing in gliomas. Similarly, monoclonal antibodies against EGFR, cetuximab and panitumumab, have only a cytostatic effect in glioma cell lines. The abundance of multiple types of RTKs along with the frequent deletion of PTEN in gliomas may account for the lack of effectiveness of single agent tyrosine kinase inhibitors.