Renal Syndrome

An Egyptian mummy who died at 35 or 45 years old is named Irtieru. Irtieru is a male mummy, and he is 5’61 feet. They knew this information by scanning him with the CT X-ray. What happened was that Irtieru was preserved and later had spotted a kidney in his body. Usually, Egyptians would take out all of the mummy's organs, except for the heart. What archaeologists think is that Irtieru had a kidney disease called renal tuberculosis. Renal is something to do with the kidney and tuberculosis is an infection bacterial disease that grows nodules in the tissue, even the lungs get affected. They think that he has renal tuberculosis is because it had hardened his organ. Archaeologists did not know what he did in life, but this leads him to an elite

Although the function of the urinary system is used to filter and eliminate waste from the body, it also contributes with maintenance of homeostasis of water and blood pressure, regulates electrolytes, pH balance, and activates vitamin D. The urinary system consists of 2 kidneys which extract wastes from the blood, balance body fluid, and converts it into urine. It also includes 2 ureters which conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder via peristalsis, a urinary bladder which serves as a reservoir for urine and finally a urethra which conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body for elimination. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary tract, which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys, store it, and then release it during urination (Taylor, 1999).

There are several reasons why a patient may develop ureteric calculi. These may be as a result of diet, chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs) and irregularities in anatomy, physiology or metabolism. In addition to these, certain drugs and/ or their metabolites may also give rise to ureteric stones. The most important environmental factor, however, is believed to be reduced fluid intake. Ordinarily, this will lead to decreased urinary output and a corresponding urinary increase in the solutes responsible for forming ureteric calculi. In further ureteric stone-related variations, there are differences noted between sex, age, race and

Acute renal failure is when the kidneys suddenly are unable to filter the blood of the waste products. Acute renal failure is alternatively called acute kidney failure or acute kidney injury. The causes of acute renal failure are divided into three categories based on their point of origin: prerenal, intrarenal, and post renal. The most common type of acute renal failure is prerenal, which can be described as a sudden drop in blood pressure or an interruption in blood flow to the kidneys. The common causes of prerenal AFR include hypovolemia, reduced renal perfusion, and septic shock. "Prerenal AFR is generally reversible when renal perfusion pressure is restored" (Liu, pg.98). Intrarenal, or intrinsic, acute renal failure is caused by acute tubular necrosis, renal artery obstruction, renal vein obstruction, interstitial nephritis, and glomerulonephritis. Postrenal occurs between the kidney and the urethral meatus. The major causes to postrenal AFR are tubular precipitation, urethral obstruction and bladder obstruction. Acute renal failure has four phases: onset, oliguria, diuresis and recovery. Onset begins with onset of the event and lasts for hours to days. The oliguria stage doesn't always occur in certain patients; however it lasts for 8-15 days. Oliguria deals with multiple acid-base balance diseases. The diuresis stage begins when the kidneys start to recover

The kidneys is the fundamental organ that is largely responsible for maintaining homeostasis by controlling blood pressure, regulating electrolytes pH balance, manufacturing hormones, formation of processing waste to the urine and eliminating any toxic minerals, excess salts, or protein waste. With that said, without adequate blood perfusing through the kidney, it can cause obstructions in the urinary flow that will damage the kidney tissue. A disorder that may occur suddenly is known as, acute renal failure, in which the causes are divided into three categories: prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal.

A family history of kidney disease may be a clue to the diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease, the Alport syndrome (glomerulonephritis, ESRD, and hearing loss), or medullary cystic kidney disease. Urinary frequency, hesitancy, incontinence, nocturia, dysuria, or hematuria may mirror underlying urinary tract disease, such as infection or

In the history of a chronic kidney disease patient, I found that both of his parents have passed away. While his mother and father did get a divorce after he graduated high school, their separation made them stronger, and better parents. My patient has two sisters, both older, the middle one with mental illnesses of schizophrenia and paranoia. This creates a dysfunctional communication pattern within the sibling structure, the middle sister is difficult to communicate with, due to the feeling of abandonment. He was never married, but 16 years ago, found out that he had a daughter with an old girlfriend. She is now 32 years old. Now, he also has a granddaughter. Due to his disability and lack of mobility, he is only able to keep in touch with them through the internet and phone.

Renal calculi can often form when the urine becomes concentrated allowing the minerals to crystallize and stick together (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). There are several different types of kidney stones. Knowing the type of kidney stones a patient has helps determine ways of reducing the risk of developing more kidney stones (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Calcium stones are usually formed by calcium oxalate which is a naturally occurring substance found in food and is produced by the liver (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Struvite stones can form in response to an infection, such as a urinary tract infection (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). These types of stones can grow quickly and become large (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Uric acid stones develop in people who don’t drink enough fluids or who lose too much fluid, those who eat high protein diets, and those who have gout (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Cystine stones arise in people with a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of certain amino acids (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013). Other stones can develop but are rarer (Mayo Clinic Staff,

Acute nephritic syndrome is a group of symptoms that occurs with a few disorders that cause glomerulonephritis or swelling and inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney as shown in Figure 1. Inflammation of the kidneys and glomerulus affects the function of the glomerulus – part of the kidney that filters blood, resulting in blood and protein to appear in urine – excess fluid also builds up in the body. Swelling of the body occurs when blood loses albumin, which is a vital component to the blood as it keeps fluid in blood vessels. Blood loss from damaged kidney structures progresses to allow blood in the urine. Acute nephritis is potentially life threatening as it could lead to acute kidney failure. (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000495.htm)

Today, there are many urinary disorders, but the most common one is renal calculi, also know known as kidney stones Kidney stones can be one of the most painful experiences you can have. Each year, at least three million people visit their doctor asking about the stones, and more then half a million go to the hospital. If they aren’t treated, they can lead to infections, kidney damage, or death. There are four different kinds of kidney stones, ones containing calcium being the most common. Currently, there are multiple ways of treating this disorder, some of which aren’t very comfortable. But you can avoid this by maintaining a healthy diet and drinking plenty of water

Image you found out you had Dent’s Disease. That is what some people are told after they experience pain in the urine. Dent’s Disease is a chronic kidney disorder that everyone can get but is more common in males, there are two types of Dent, type 1 and 2. Type 1 is caused by a defect in a protein gene proteinuria( increase amounts of protein in urine ). Type 2 is an enzyme( a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about specific biochemical reaction ) abnormality in kidney cell function that causes hypercalciuria (large amounts of calcium in the urine). The CLCN5 and OCRL genes are located on the x chromosome which is one of the two sex chromosomes. The most common symptoms are related to the passage of kidney stones, such as pain or blood in the urine.

Final Question: In patients with non-dialysis-dependent (NDD) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) who have iron-deficiency anemia, how efficacious is intravenous (IV) ferric carboxymaltose in increasing hemoglobin levels and reducing treatment-related adverse events compared to IV iron sucrose?

Hypophosphatemia is a condition where a person has low levels of phosphate in their blood. This condition occurs when the enzyme, Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), functions irregularly and causes a reduction in enzymatic activity. This reduced enzyme activity results in issues with the retention of phosphate and calcium in bones caused by Fanconi syndrome. Due to this irregular enzyme activity, the density of the bones decreases since the excess calcium and phosphate aren’t properly included into the new bone by the osteoblasts. However, cases have emerged in which patients have a mutation in the protein sequence of their AP enzyme, and their AP enzyme still properly work, along with their bone density being normal. Since the AP enzyme still works

Other forms of kidney stones are cysteine and struvite stones which are caused by various reasons. Struvite stones are caused by kidney infection and cystine stones are due to a common disorder. The disorder called cystinuria is the defect in transporting amino acids and causes too much cystine is in the urine. The more common types of kidney stones involve calcium. Hyperparathyroidism is when the gland over produces its hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), that will increase the amount of calcium in the blood. However, just calcium in the blood or in the urine will not cause kidney stones, they need oxalates or phosphates and must form in the kidneys. The reason I specify the kidneys is that if you consume calcium and oxalate together and they form in the stomach. They will be dissolved and are less likely to form stones. People with too much vitamin C, probably through a supplement, will have oxalate rich urine.

The pediatric period from birth to adolescence can be considered as one of the best age group; however, during this lifetime, there could be so many diseases that can shorten their life. Among of all these diseases that can be found in the pediatric populations, the nephrotic syndrome in children is one of the diseases that will be analyzed with the evidence-based practice to formulate a clinical question to identify the cause, the sign and symptom, and the treatment of this disorder in pediatric populations. Nursing is a legitimize profession that is based on academic, research, and clinical. These three aspects of nursing career are systematically rooted in integrating the evidence-based practice in clinical settings. In order to nurse to