The lack of difference in the rates of repeat gonorrhea infection by region of birth might be attributable to access of care. In the U.S. Army, all active duty personnel have access to free medical care. In this regard, African-American personnel, who are from the south and are low-income before military service, would then have higher health care access. This may result in rates of repeat gonorrhea infection being similar by region of birth after joining the U.S. Army. Another possibility is that region of birth is a key determinant of gonorrhea incidence, but not for repeat infections, and other behavioral, biological, and socio-cultural factors may influence the risk of repeat infection among women. Newmand and Berman (2008), report …show more content…
Army personnel, the crude hazard ratios for the risk of repeat gonorrhea infection by the Andersen-Gill model were similar to those produced by the Prentice-Williams-Peterson model. Koren et al. (2012) reported a similar finding after analyzing recurrent coronary events. One would expect that because these approaches differ in assumptions and answer different research questions, they would yield different results (Villegas et al., 2013; Amorim and Cai, 2014). The Andersen-Gill model assumes a constant hazard of events, whereas the Prentice-Williams-Peterson model assumes that the occurrence of the first event increases the likelihood of the occurrence of the second event. Perhaps this contradictory finding is due to the small frequency of the repeated events per subject. The percentage of women soldiers with a third, fourth, fifth, and seventh episode of gonorrhea infection was only 1.87%, 0.36%, 0.16%, and 0.06%, respectively. There is no evidence in the literature to corroborate this argument. Additionally, the Prentice-Williams-Peterson model produced more robust estimates (i.e., narrower confidence intervals) than the Andersen-Gill model. Kelly and Lim (2000) argue that when the correlation between multiple events within-subject is low, the standard errors are higher for the Andersen-Gill model than the Prentice-Williams-Peterson model. This suggests that the occurrence of the first gonorrhea infection may not cause an increase in
On the other hand, the causes of STD’s are probably growing by the numbers. Almost 1 million people die of AIDs/HIV each year. Due to recent history of STD’s the sickness was only in one part of the
The challenges that this population faces are directly related to psychosocial, physiological, economic and behavioral factors. Challenges such as these can cause serious obstacles for the prevention of STDs due to their influence on access to care, willingness to seek treatment, and social behaviors regarding sexuality. Often older adults are looked at as
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline
Sexually transmitted infections are a very current, modern day health care issue. These infections are passed during unprotected genital, anal or oral sex. There are sometimes symptoms of the various infections however there are some infections that can also be symptom free and therefore can go undetected for quite some time. Young people in the UK typically aged 15-24 have the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections. There is a link between this age group and those living in socioeconomically deprived areas, suggesting these particular regions need better and easier access to healthcare services in order to detect, treat and avoid further spreading and damage caused by the infections. Raising awareness of the causes of each infection and symptoms is vital. The most common types of infections are: Chlamydia, Genital herpes and warts, gonorrhea,
Over one million cases of Chlamydia were reported to the CDC in 2013. Despite this large number of reports it actually was a decrease by 1.5% since 2012 (CDC, 2014). Epidemiology statistics showed an increase in reported syphilis, including congenital. Other sexually transmitted diseases can pose higher risks for acquiring HIV. According to new studies, HIV is growing faster in populations that are over 50 versus 40 years and younger (BenRose, 2014). Factors may play a role in this such as higher divorce rates, new medications, and safe sex measures. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare provider screen for sexual activity and any change in sexual partners to provide routine testing when necessary and education on preventive
This journal evaluates the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases disparities of African-American in the united states in comparison to white communities. This study focuses on disparities for African American because of the massive diseases of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis that the African American communities face. Most of the US population is either white or African American. This journal focuses on African American communities instead of African Americans because of the many diversities in the US African American population. Studies took from the Northeast, South, West and Midwest
Wysocki, 2015 estimated that half of all people in the United States will have contracted a sexually transmitted disease in their lifetime. Numerous young women under age 25 haven’t been screened and are asymptotic. Infections impact individuals of all economic levels and backgrounds. Three sexually transmitted diseases are required to be reported by physicians to public health officials. These three are syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia. African American and Latinos have barriers which increase rates of sexually transmitted diseases (Sutton, 2012).
It is reported in the work of Wang (2008) that during the years of 1988 to 2003, "84.1% of patients in the GISP were African American, whereas during that same period 83.0% of male patients in the United States reported through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System to have gonorrhea were African American." The gonorrhea rate among African Americans was reported at "18 times greater than the rate for white persons." (Wang, 2008)
There is no doubt that Englewood is in high risk of Chlamydia infection, especially when data shows that confirmed cases have progressively increased since 2000. According to The Center for Impact Research (2004), Englewood has a dominant female population with 55% of its residents being female. In addition, the Center for Impact Research (2004) mentions that 36% of its residents are 18 years of age and under. As the CDC’s Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance Report (2011) states, “young people aged 15–24 years acquire nearly half of all new STDs. Compared with older adults, sexually active adolescents aged 15–19 years and young adults
Preventive health is a program that provides services to the public for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as well as family planning services. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) releases statistics and data for STDs annually, and the past three years all have shown increases in STDs. Nurses in the Preventive Health program, practice in an expanded role for nurses which requires extensive training. Syphilis is one of the more complicated issues that a Preventive Health Registered Nurse (PHRN) encounters in the clinic, and it is unfortunate that there is such a high prevalence of syphilis and other STDs in the United States. There is a continuous need to train these nurses for identifying, staging and
The purpose of the Research is to explore the relationship between ethnic identity’s relationship between Chlamydia and Gonorrhea and its infections among detained African American female adolescents. This study pursues to answer if rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea are higher among detained females than the general population. The hypothesis of This study is that the authors believe “rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among detained adolescent females were disproportionately higher when compared to their community counterparts” (Centers for Disease Control, 2012a). This is a very informative topic because as stated in this article, in the general population, African American females bear the highest burden of STIs compared
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a fastidious Gram-negative cocci that require nutrient supplementation to grow in laboratory cultures, they grow on chocolate agar with carbon dioxide (www.wikipedia.com, 2016). A German physician by the name of Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser subsequently undertook research on a skin infection called leprosy, which lead him to later discover syphilis and gonorrhea. The bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae became known in 1879 after Neisser identified the coffee bean shaped diplococci bacteria that he thought were a new species and possibly the cause of leprosy (www.Deadscientistoftheweek.com, 2016). At the time there was confusion about the identities of syphilis and gonorrhea on whether or not they were the same disease, however, Neisser's research and discovery helped differentiate the two.
I totally understand his side of the story that he's a young college student, working, married and under a ton of stress and made a horrible mistake that night but I think that it should still be reported because its a health issue and its important. Anything could happen leaving the physician at fault, plus she's an Physican so she have to comply with the rules and regulation. Although Gonorrhea can easily be cured with antibiotics, it still can turn into a bigger issue if not treated. I think that if it was more serious like a disease or contagious virus then there definitely should NOT be any exceptions or negotiations. in this case there's a possibility that it could be negotiable maybe. It's the Physician responsibility for protecting
The mining town of Mount Isa, Queensland, has declared to have an increased in gonorrhoea. To explain, gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoea bacteria. The health unit in Mount Isa is battling with this sexually transmitted disease outbreak, and the bacterium is resistant to all known antibiotics. While, scientists have found that the wide spreading drug-resistant strains of gonorrhoea are increasing. The findings are daunting that increased resistance contributes to a large number of gonorrhoea cases. In fact, it has been reported within one year there were more than 1,000 cases of superbugs in Australia becoming beyond treatment (Scott 2017). Furthermore, the medical Professor John Turnidge commented that
Neisseria gonorrhea is not considered to be part of a normal human flora, thus a laboratory finding of N. gonorrhoeae should always lead to antibiotic treatment, regardless of whether the patients show symptoms or not. All the isolates of N. gonorrhoeae should be tested for susceptibility to several antibiotics, because N. gonorrhoeae is known to have an extremely variable susceptibility pattern and is also known to adapt to new treatment regimens, by developing mechanisms of resistance. Fortunately after a period with high prevalence of resistant strains, N. gonorrhoeae has now once more become susceptible to both penicillin and tetracycline (Tanaka M et al., 2004). When an antibiotic is no longer in use treatment, the mechanisms of resistance