Report About Dynamic Investments, Capital Structure, And Debt Overhang

2. Establish how the cost of equity is affected by capital structure decisions by defining financial risk and introducing the levered beta CAPM equation

Diageo was created when Grand Metropolitan, plc and Guiness, plc merged in 1997. While the Diageo name is not well known to consumers, its brands are among the most famous including Guinness, Smirnoff, Johnnie Walker and Cuervo. The company recently decided to focus on a strategy to grow through its spirits, wine and beer businesses and divest of its Pillsbury and Burger King subsidiaries. This case study will focus on the proposed capital structure decisions of Diageo.

The capital structure decision is important for any business organizations. The capital structure is essential because it maximize returns, and its impact, such a decision has on the firm’s power to deal with its competitive environment. The capital structure of organization is a mixture of different securities….

leverage increases, interest rate on the total debt will increase. The Company is considering the

A capital structure policy aims to balance the trade-off between the benefits of debt financing (interest tax shield) and the costs of debt financing (financial distress and agency costs). Every firm should set its target capital structure such that its cost and benefits of leverage ultimately maximise the firm’s value. Graham and Harvey asked 392 firms’ chief financial officers whether they use target debt ratios. Results show that the majority of them do, although the level of strictness of the target policy varies across different companies. Only 19% of the firms avoid target ratios, of which most are likely to be the relatively smaller firms. This clearly

The course project involved developing a great depth of knowledge in analyzing capital structure, theories behind it, and its risks and issues. Before I began this assignment, I knew nothing but a few things about capital structure from previous unit weeks; however, it was not until this course’s final project that came along with opening

Review and Evaluation on ‘Do Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities Provide Useful Measures of Financing Constraints’ by Kaplan and Zingales (QJE,1997)

Capital structure shows that how a firm’s assets have been established debt and equity, it is very important in a firm, because it is related to the capacity of the company to suit the needs of its stakeholders. The capital structure impacts on the performance of the firm, because it can influence the top management of the company decision making (Hitt, Hoskisson and Harrison, 1991).For example, a company has 20million in equity and 80 million in debt. It can be defined as 20% equity-financed and 80% debt-financed. The ratio of debt to total financing companies, 80% in this example, is called the leverage of the company. In reality, the capital structure may be very complex, including dozens of sources. Gearing ratio is the capital from outside the business by the company adopted, such as taking a short term loan (Capital Structure Overview and Theory 2014).

There is no universal theory of the debt-equity choice, and no reason to expect one. In this essay I will critically assess the Pecking Order Theory of capital structure with reference and comparison of publicly listed companies. The pecking order theory says that the firm will borrow, rather than issuing equity, when internal cash flow is not sufficient to fund capital expenditures. This theory explains why firms prefer internal rather than external financing which is due to adverse selection, asymmetry of information, and agency costs (Frank & Goyal, 2003). The trade-off theory comes from the pecking order theory it is an unintentional outcome of companies following the pecking-order theory. This explains that firms strive to achieve an

From this set of problems, we can see that leverage is good for the firm. Leverage has increased the value of the firm as a whole and increased the price per share. Although the cost of debt increases the firm's risk because it increases the probability of default and bankruptcy, therefore shareholders will require higher rates of return on the equity they provide, debt also provides tax savings. And we can see that in table 4, where we calculated the total value of the firm as the pure business cash flows plus the tax savings. Another reason why debt increases firm value is the fact that it reduces WACC, because the cost of debt is generally lower than the cost of equity. Another option that shareholders can do is using homemade leverage. Shareholders should pay a premium for the shares of a levered firm when the addition of debt increases value.

Debt financing is a way of raising capital by ‘selling bonds, bills, or notes to individual or institutional investors with a promise of repaying principal and interest on the debt’ (Investopedia 2015a). One of the greatest advantages of debt financing is that the debtor has full control of the borrowed capital and does not need to relinquish any ownership of the business as compensation to the lender (Kokemuller n.d.). At the same time, debt financing optimizes ownership structure and avoids conflict between the owner and shareholders. In addition, the fact that the business starts up with debt could be incentive for the managers to make careful decisions, for they have to avoid taking risks as a debtor.

Already in 1958, Modigliani and Miller have pointed the discussion of capital structure towards the cost of debt and equity. According to their first proposition, in a world of no corporate taxes and with perfect markets, financial leverage has no effect on a firm’s value. In their second proposition, they state that the cost of equity equals a linear function defined by the required return on assets and the cost of debt (Modigliani and Miller, 1958).

This study will further lead to the dynamics of KSE listed firms. Investor trends towards highly leveraged firms and determination whether the optimum capital structure effects the decision of investor resulting change in the balance sheet of a company.

The pecking order theory ( Donaldson 1961) of capital structure is among the most influential theories of corporate leverage. The pecking order theory is based on different of information between corporate insiders and the market. According to Myers (1984), due to adverse selection, firm prefer internal to external finance. If internal finance proves insufficient, bank borrowings and corporate bonds are the preferred source of external source of finance. After exhausting both of these possibilities, the final and least preferred source of finance is

In finance, capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities. A firm 's capital structure is then the composition or 'structure ' of its liabilities. Simply, capital structure refers to the mix of debt and equity used by a firm in financing its assets. The capital structure decision is one of the most important decisions made by financial management. The capital structure decision is at the center of many other decisions in the area of corporate finance. These include dividend policy, project financing, issue of long term securities, financing of mergers, buyouts and so on. One of the many objectives of