Report On Chm310 Industrial Consultant For The Semester.

It was desired to compare a theoretical value of enthalpy of combustion to a literature value. To do this, the theoretical value was calculated using a literature value for the heat of sublimation of naphthalene, the heat of vaporization of water and average bond energies, given in Table 1 of the lab packet.1 Equations (1) and (5) were used to calculate the theoretical enthalpy of combustion of gaseous naphthalene, where n was the number of moles, m was the number of bonds, and ΔH was the average bond energy:

26 January 2009 a study published in the current issue of Environmental Health, researchers found detectable levels of mercury in nine of twenty samples of commercial HFCS.

These HFCs do not break down therefore adding to the impending global warming issue. The new innovation made by 3m sparked great interest in teams to try and reduce their impact on the global warming issue. The statement by the company was “Novec 1230 fluid is not only a highly effective fire extinguishant, but also has a very short (5-day) atmospheric lifetime and a global warming potential of 1 – about the same as naturally-occurring carbon dioxide. Moreover, it offers the widest margin of human safety of any chemical clean agent, CO2 or inert gas mixture. (Follow the Leader). The Novec 1230 fluid is the company's newly designed fluid to help put fires out. Each car has a fire extinguishers but also track crews in case of a fire. This new fluid has a very short lifetime which is 5 days. It is a big step forward from traditional extinguishers. It is only as bad as carbon dioxide found in nature. The company also released a statement saying “Traditional halon and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) clean agents have high global warming potentials and pose significant long-term sustainability issues” (Follow the leader). The original fluid used had a combination of the elements hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon which in turn made a very harmful clean agent. The combination of these three created a rough situation. This included a harmful effect on the impending global warming

These gasses trap warmth and reason the planet to warm through a procedure called the greenhouse effect. Since 1751 around 337 billion metric huge amounts of CO2 have been discharged into the climate from the using of fossil fills and concrete generation, expanding air CO2 from the pre-mechanical level of around 280 ppm (parts per million), to a high of 400 ppm in 2013. Methane, which is expanding in the climate because of farming and fossil fuel use, traps 84 times as much warmth as CO2 for the initial 20 years it is in the environment, and is in charge of around one-fifth of a dangerous atmospheric climate change since 1750. Nitrous oxide, fundamentally discharged through farming practices, traps 300 times as much warmth as CO2. Over the twentieth century, as the convergences of CO2, CH4, and NO2 expanded in the air, the earth warmed by pretty nearly 1.4°.

Before stating the important issues and effects, there’s some background information that will be helpful to keep in mind. First of all is the greenhouse effect, which is defined as “The phenomenon whereby the earth’s atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth’s surface.” (ProQuest Staff) In basic terms, it’s like putting on a winter coat so that we will insulate our bodies from the outside. Our body would be the earth and the winter coat would be atmospheric gasses. Another vocabulary word to define which is also an effect from global warming is the ozone hole. This is defined as “An area of the ozone layer, such as the large area over Antarctica or the smaller area over the North Pole, that periodically becomes depleted of ozone.” (ProQuest Staff) The greenhouse effect is how our planet is continuously warming up and the ozone hole is one of many negative effects caused by the harmful emissions that mostly humans emit into our planet’s atmosphere. Although global warming is harmful, there are policies being implemented to reduce climate emissions and pollutants, which will attempt to remove further problems.

It is so potent that contact with it may not even be noticed until long after serious damage has been done.

The energy consumption on the Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigeration systems are fleetly ceaselessly increasing. Department of Environment and Energy (2013) stated that the energy consumption in Australia on the HVAC was approximately 40% and 70% of the base building consumption in 2012. Moreover, a research conducted in Paris projected that 15% of the generated electricity world wildly is utilized for air conditioning and refrigeration systems (Choudhury et al. 2010).

The Chemours Company, an off shoot company of du Pont, currently owns the trademark Freon, which it uses in its halocarbon products. Freon exist as a slightly toxic gas or liquid which is non flammable. Freon is a brand name which encompasses a number of chlorofluorocarbons. However, a number of chlorofluorocarbons exist outside of the Freon brand such as R22. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) including Freon have been primarily used as an aerosol propellant in the past, and now primarily refrigerant. The earlier versions of Chlorofluorocarbons used contained chlorine, and were partly responsible for depleting the Ozone layer. The newer chlorofluorocarbons have changed ingredients to fluorine, and no longer deplete the Ozone layer.

Hydroxyl (HO), Hydroperoxyl {H02),Peroxyl (ROO), Alkoxyl (RO) as free radicalsand Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2),Hypochlorous Acid(HOCL), and Ozone (03).Similarly, the nitrogen derived species aremainly Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (N02), Peroxynitrite Anion(ONOO) and Dinitrogen Trioxide (N2O3) . ROS are produced

Until World War II, no commercial product of fluorine was being produced. Although, the nuclear bomb project and energy applications made it necessary to begin producing it in large quantities. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used in appliances such as refrigerants, air conditioning units, and freezers. They since been banned because of their contribution to ozone depletion.

Dichloromethane is a colorless gas usually distributed under the branded icon of Freon-12, and a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) used as aerosol spray propellant. Consequetly, its manufacture was banned in developed countries (non-article 5 countries) in 1996, and developing countries (article 5 countries) in 2010 due to concerns about its damaging impact to the ozone layer.[16]

o CFCs were introduced in the 1930’s (known as freons) as replacements for ammonia in refrigeration:

Just like the rest of the world, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Middle East have intensified efforts to curb the global warming menace. Several independent studies (e.g. Harder 790 & Radhi 18) have pointed out that overdependence on fossil fuels tends to heighten global warming. At a glance, hydrogen can be considered as an ideal substitute to fossil fuels. Hydrogen provides about three times of renewable energy harnessed from natural gas. When hydrogen is used in energy production, pure water is emitted as the sole by-product of the process (Radhi 12).

An arising problem in today’s world is the destruction of the ozone layer because of the emissions and harmful gases that vehicles are giving off. Forget ethanol or biodiesel. The next big thing in automotive fuel may very well be hydrogen. Automakers rapidly are closing in on making hydrogen fuel cell vehicles an everyday fact of life, with several test models set to debut over the next few years. Hydrogen fuel cells to power vehicles are desirable, experts say, because hydrogen is a renewable fuel that can be used to create electricity to run cars. A chemical reaction between oxygen and hydrogen produces the electric power, and when pure hydrogen is used, the only emission from the tailpipe is harmless water vapor.

Methane (CH4) is a colourless, odourless and flammable gas. It is 20 times more powerful than CO2 as a greenhouse gas on a weight to weight basis. Its concentration has increased from 700 ppbv to 1720 ppbv throughout the twentieth century due to fossil fuel mining, agricultural practices and decomposition of organic compounds. CH4 can be destroyed in the atmosphere via reaction with the hydroxyl radical. The mean atmospheric lifetime of CH4 is about 8 years.