Reproductive Dysfunction By Lead Case Study

While the prevalence of lead poisoning in children is decreasing in the United States, screening of lead levels remains an important task of the pediatric primary care provider. Risk factors for lead poisoning and its toxic effects include children under six years (and especially those between 12 and 36 months), inner city children living in deteriorating housing, low-income and middle-income children, and refugee and foster care children (Hurwitz & Lee, 2013a). The importance of this screening is underscored by the fact that children can be asymptomatic even with high blood lead levels (BLL) and symptoms of lead toxicity can be non-specific. Early diagnosis is crucial because there are significant and permanent effects to almost all body systems with both toxic and below toxic BLL, including neurologic (ranging from developmental delay and behavior problems to encephalopathy), hematologic (anemia), renal (lead nephropathy), gastrointestinal (lead colic), and endocrine (vitamin D deficiency) (Hurwitz & Lee, 2013a). Laboratory evaluation of lead poisoning in children will now be discussed.

Copper is another pollutant that at very high levels is toxic and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, loss of strength or, for serious exposure, cirrhosis of the liver (Pure Water Services). In order for copper to metabolized the heavy metal zinc is needed. Zinc helps with copper breakdown but too much zinc can cause a copper deficiency which can also cause problems such as anemia. While copper has some severe side effects there have not been any cases that are related to cancer. In most cases throughout the Silver Bow Creek copper is not thought to be a severe threat to the community.

Stability-Stable. Releases bromine to the air on standing. Slowly diminishes in strength when exposed to air and light. Incompatible with ammonia, some metals, phosphorus.

Lead poisoning in children was first discovered in 1890 in Queensland, Australia. The lead source was not identified until 1904, when a researcher traced it to the paint used on railings and verandahs. The first discovery of lead poisoning in the United States (with a traceable source) was in 1914; the child had chewed the paint off of his crib. At this time they linked lead poisoning as a cause of convulsions in children. As research progressed and more children were found with high lead levels, symptoms caused by lead were expanded to include lead meningitis, acute encephalopathy, intellectual dullness, reduced consciousness, seizures, comas, and death (Chisholm, 1982).

The body of an adult human contains almost 2-3 g of zinc. However, only 0,1% of it is found in the serum. As for other transition metals, circulating zinc is not free, but is complexed to proteins that maintain it in a non-reactive form in order to prevent their toxicity: almost 80% is bound to albumin and the remaining 20% is bound to α2-macroglobulin (Kambe et al., 2015). As zinc is required for many functions in living organisms, its transport across biological membranes is mediated by several proteins that can be classified in two major families of transporters: the SLC39 (Zrt-Irt-related Proteins, ZIPs) family, with 13 members identified, and the SLC30 (Zn-transporters, ZnTs) family, with 10 members (Fukada et al., 2011; Kambe et al.,

The presence of heavy metals is known to cause hypertension, damage to arteries leading to heart disease , Damage the brain cells increasing the risk of dementia, Parkinson's and other diseases, damage to the organs of the body increasing the risk of cancer.

In Chapter 8 several different elemnts caught my attention, but the one topic that stood out amongs them all for me was the biology and envronment section dedicated to low level lead exposure. Lead exposure is one of the most common poisonings of childhood. Due to its highly toxic elements lead exposure can effects the developing bodies of children at any age.

To reduce the lead I would get OSHA to come and inspected the factory. I know that small business employers may contact OSHA free to help determine whether there are hazards at their worksites and work with OSHA on correcting any identified hazards. The public health agencies have many approaches to preventing childhood lead poisoning would include screening and surveillance, risk identification, primary prevention activities, interagency coordination, and services for poisoned children. The Housing agencies with the responsibility for regulating housing quality or developing policies to ensure that people are provided with safe and affordable housing an example would be house section 8 inspect houses before they will let a landlord use their

In 2000, WHO assessed the global burden of disease due to a number of risk factors associated with lead. (3)

Lead is toxic if inhaled or ingested. It gets into the blood stream, travels to other parts of your body and stores itself in your bones. It interferes with the production of red blood cells (leading to anemia) and absorbs calcium. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that nearly one million children in the United States has levels of high lead that causes irreversible damage to their health. The CDC’s current “level of concern” regarding blood level testing is set at ten micrograms per deciliter; although recent studies indicate that there is no safe level of lead in the blood and that preventing lead poisoning before it occurs is paramount. There are many products consisting of lead both the metal and in dioxide form, for example, batteries, electric cable covering, ammunition, solder, roofing materials and is also used in the production of making crystal glass. However, we are not always aware of lead that could be found in the soil around us. Soil contaminated with lead is more prevalent in industrial areas as well as poorer areas in the city. According to USA Today, neighborhoods near former lead factories show numerous areas where the dirt and soil is so contaminated that children should not be playing in it. Lead is deposited in soil from anthropogenic sources, meaning something originating in human activity like environmental pollution and pollutants. Lead does not biodegrade or decay. Lead in residential soil comes from several sources

Throughout reading the introduction I learned that Cadmium is a soft silver-white metal found naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a significant environmental health hazard in adulthood due to mainly smoking because of the high content found in tobacco. When exposed to cadmium adults are at risk of their kidneys, bones, and lungs being affected also resulting in

Industrial plants are polluting the environment causing illness to the surrounding areas and residents. There are extreme negative effects on human health due to toxic pollution, especially lead. Lead is most commonly ingested orally. The biggest issue with ingestion of lead is on the nervous system. The lead will travel into the blood, into bones and eventually into the major organs (Papanikolaou and others 2005). Through in vivo and in vitro studies, scientist can now measure the bioavailability of lead which negatively effects human health (Yan and others 2017). Research even discovered the cross-resistance between antibiotics and heavy metals. Due to the pollution, this bacterium

Lead is widely prevalent toxic heavy metal in both environment and daily human activities. Exposure to Lead has been shown to be related to adverse health effects on many organs including testis. The mechanism of Lead toxicity is mainly due to oxidative stress since lead enhances generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) over the activity of endogenous antioxidants including Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase. ROS are mainly produced in mitochondria initiating the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Although apoptosis is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis excessive apoptosis due to lead toxicity deteriorates semen quality and interrupts serum gonad/pituitary hormone levels Luteinizing Hormone (LH),

Zinc deficiency in humans was first described by Ananda Prasad in the early 1960s (Prasad et al., 1961, 1963). Patients with zinc deficiency besides having stunted growth and being immune-compromised, exhibit mental lethargy. Indeed, there is a relationship between dietary zinc deficiency and the induction of depressive symptoms (Amani R, 2010;137:150–158). Several studies have now have now confirmed the relationship between depression and the disruption of serum zinc levels (Nowak G. 1999 67(1):85-92, Siwek M. 2010 126(3):447-52, Can you add another reference here?). Moreover, preclinical studies using experimentally induced zinc deficiency have shown specific behaviors such as increased anxiety, aggression, irritability, and deficits in

The disclosure of zinc has symptoms like a flu fever, chill, sweating, headache weakness, and fatigue. The symptoms occur after a few hours of exposure. Smoke decreases the berthing capacity of lung cause the infection in the lung. Zinc also acts as a neuromodulator (released by a neuron and transmitting information to other neurons) and bound with the ion channel, calcium channel and kainate channel which responsible for the neural surgery (plum, Rink, Haase, 2010). Zinc Toxicity has a different health impact on body organs. The study shows that lower exposure has extended the period of the chronic illness. Some long-term effects associated with excessive zinc intake. It includes “sideroblastic anemia, hypochromic microcytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, hypochromic microcytic anemia, and hypoferraemia” (Nriagu, 2007). These illnesses are cure with zinc supplements with or without copper. By inhalation of zinc powder and fumes can cause chronic respiratory syndromes.