Epidemiology is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations. In epidemiology, the patient is the community and individuals as viewed collectively. By definition, epidemiology is the study and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations. It is also the application of this study to the control of health problems. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health systems as all organizations, people, and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore, or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct preventive and curative activities. WHO describes health systems as comprising six interrelated building blocks: service delivery; fielding a well-performing health workforce; maintaining a functioning health information system; providing access to essential medical products, vaccines, and technologies; provision of adequate financing; and leadership and governance. HSS is generally defined as those activities that aim to improve a country 's ability to successfully perform the essential functions described or implied by WHO 's building blocks. Key concepts within health systems strengthening include capacity building (within both the public and private sectors), sustainability, equity, effectiveness, and efficiency. Public health is a critical part of the larger concept of health systems and has been defined as “what we as a society do collectively to
One of the most useful outcomes of studying epidemiology is learning how to evaluate critically the scientific literature (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Critical assessment of this literature is an important skill for public health professionals because the findings of epidemiologic research inform so many activities (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Munnoch et al. (2008) done epidemiological studies on S.Saintpaul infection occurred in Australia during October 2006 and found that cantaloupe production and processing practices pose a potential public health threat requiring regulatory and community education interventions. Based on main journal article written upon this subject, this article will analyse how epidemiological research has helped us
Epidemiology defined: The basic science of public health in which the causing factor, population, frequency, and relevant intervention is found in the case of an outbreak.
“Tuberculosis (TB), a multisystem disease with myriad presentations and manifestations, is the most common cause of infectious disease–related mortality worldwide. Although TB rates are decreasing in the United States, the disease is becoming more common in many parts of the world. In addition, the prevalence of drug-resistant TB is increasing worldwide. TB is caused by M tuberculosis, a slow-growing obligate aerobe and a facultative intracellular parasite. The organism grows in parallel groups called cords (as seen in the image below). It retains many
With the focus on these five areas, Governments in each country are creating health systems that aim to provide services that are affordable, equitable and accessible. To achieve a sustainable health system, cooperation and participation of all health care providers is vital. This will work towards WHO’s goal of achieving “better health for all”
This paper will discuss the communicable disease influenza. It will discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatments, as well as the demographics of interest. It will also discuss the determinants of health and how these factors contribute to the development of influenza. Included in this paper will be information on host, agent, and environmental factors. Lastly it will explain the role of the community health nurse in caring for those affected with influenza and the role they play in education and prevention.
Originally, epidemiology was a term that was used to describe the spread of infectious disease. Over the course of time, that definition has expanded considerably in order
Health care systems are organizations that are formed to meet the overall health needs of the population. Health care is regarded as one of the leading cause in promoting not only physical and mental health but the well-being of the population. Legislation is implemented requiring government to offer services to all members of its society. The role of health services and the organizations that provide aid is to focus on the health of an individual and to uphold their human rights. According to WHO (2013), a “well-functioning health care system requires a robust financing mechanism, a well-trained and adequately-paid workforce, reliable information on which to base decisions and policies, and well maintained facilities and logistics to deliver quality medicines and technologies (World Health Organization; 2013).
(DM2). It will focus only on DM2, as type 1 diabetes (DM1) is an autoimmune disorder. Canada
In this paper the subject to discuss is the prevention and mitigation analysis of the Arizona Department of Correction’s Morey Unit hostage situation. This incident was very terrible in the United States history in escapes made from prisons. In Buckeye, Arizona at the Lewis Prison Correction facility in the Morey, on January 18, 2004, Ricky Wassenaar and Steven Coy made an attempt to escape from the unit by taking two correctional officers hostage and took over Morey’s unit tower, causing a 15-day hostage and standoff incident. The following discussion is an analysis of issues, prevention, and mitigation recommendations for future incidents aiming at fiscal, operational, and administrative problems
A health care system is the association of institutions related to people's health and resources. It delivers health services in order to meet the health needs of the targeted populations (Nigam, 2011). There is a wide variation in the world of how different nations organize their health care systems, with almost all nations having differing health care organizational structures. Planning in some countries for health care distributes to those participating in markets. In other countries, however, planning is as a result of joint efforts between the government, religious bodies, and charities among other groups (Nigam, 2011).
This paper will explore the role of epidemiology in the surveillance of the incidence of
The competency, “Analyze determinants of health and disease using an ecological framework” was met through the exercise, “Health Problem Analysis Worksheet” and through reading Chapter 2 in the book Public Health: What it is and How it Works.
Epidemiology is what advises people of new world epidemics and new health standards worldwide. Epidemiologist are well known for their ideal way to handle and control epidemics of the everyday modern world by conducting research and going through various experiments. Epidemiology was first well known in the mid-1800´s (1854) but is know to have existed for about 2,500 years
For my project on critiquing an epidemiology study I choose to do my project on second-hand smoking and how it affects other people than just the smoking population. The article I choose was Cigarette Smoking Associated with Lung Adenocarcinoma in Situ in a Large Case-Control Study (SFBALCS). The objective of this study was “designed to understand why nonsmokers are associated with Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), which is common cause of lung cancer in cigarette smokers” (Bracci et al.). Statistics show that 80 % to 90% of lung cancer cases are from smoking. “Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), formerly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), is not so common subtype of lung adenocarcinoma and accounts for approximately 3% to 4% of lung
Infections disease prevention and control and communicable and infectious disease risks are important topics that every student nurse should be exposed to during the nursing program. The impact and threats that these infectious diseases cause an effect on society and global level should be studied. Also, the economic principles to nursing and health care that public health contributes to.