Research And Development Of Biotechnology

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Biotechnology is not just a new fad. Prakash and Conko stated, “And a review of 81 separate research projects conducted over 15 years- all funded by the European Union- found that bioengineered crops and foods are at least as safe for the environment and for human consumption as conventional crops, and in some cases even safer.” (Prakash and Conko 359) This sentence summarizes an important

Biotechnology, at its simplest is technology based on biology – it employs the use of cellular and bimolecular processes to develop products and technologies. The variety of living cells used for their biochemical talents range from simple singled-cells bacteria and yeast to complex multi-cellular organisms, such as plants and humans. Over the years, biotechnology has been a rapidly developing area of

Balasubramanian, D., Bryce, C.F.A, Dharmalingam, K., Green, J. & Jayaraman, K. (Eds.) (2004). _Concepts in Biotechnology_ (2nd ed.). India: University Press

The driving factor behind plant biotechnology is “social constructionism”, in which “social values and institutional domains and their culture shape technology” [Goyder chapter 10]. Bioengineering companies might declare social needs as the motive behind pursuing this technology. In reality, these capitalist institutions possess the much needed economic surplus to invest serve their own desires. The social needs they “intend” to solve are: world food shortage, increase agricultural productivity, help the environment by eliminating pesticides, improve nutrition of foods. Opponents of biotechnology, scientists, consumer advocates, environmental protection agencies, do not buy this claim. According to them, these reasons are just the pretence to fulfil “...capitalist’s profit-making via the deployment of technology, [3 Goyder chapter 5]. Most crop developments so far has been “profit-driven rather than need driven” [4, ten reasons why biotechnology will not ensure food security]. In a capitalistic society, patent laws under constitution permits ownership of seeds, living organisms; genes. Patents permit company like Monsanto could monopolize seed’s

In the brave new world of genetic engineering, Dean DellaPenna envisions this cornucopia: tomatoes and broccoli bursting with cancer-fighting chemicals and vitamin-enhanced crops of rice, sweet potatoes, and cassava to help nourish the poor. He sees wheat, soy, and peanuts free of allergens; bananas that deliver vaccines; and vegetable oils so loaded with therapeutic ingredients that doctors "prescribe" them for patients at risk for cancer and heart disease. A plant biochemist at Michigan State University, DellaPenna believes

Product Development, which has to do with pre-clinical trials and clinical studies. Manufacturing, which has to do with production and final manufacturing for the market. Also, Marketing and sales, which is based on distributing products and marketing to consumers. Altogether this plays the industries role in the economy because it focuses on caring for our environment for businesses focusing mainly in life and health science. according to http://www.ncglobaleconomy.com/biotechnology/overview.shtml in 2001-2010 the economy experienced the highest job growth rate which was %23.5. Biotechnology has opened i=up many jobs to people in our economy for example; pharmaceuticals, research, testing and medical labs, agricultural feedstock and chemicals vigorous growth. labor market, international trade and policy, is something that has factored into Biotechnology throughout the national economy. As stated: " Biotech patent holders engage in some/multiple form(s) of international business, ensuring patent protections are upheld and that the authenticity of patents are legitimized at national and international levels remains of crucial importance to the industry." patent tend to be an importance in the Biotechnology industries globally around the world. Also, At both the national and international level, IP protection is the prime public policy issue for the biotech industry. Outsourcing has shown a growth around the world in trade with countries out side of themselves. Concluding that the Biotech manufacturing going on around the world globally and

(1.) Xu, W., Li, M., Ding, J., Gu, J., & Luo, Z. (2014). Bacteria dominate the ammonia-oxidizing community in a hydrothermal vent site at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge of the South Atlantic Ocean. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 98(18), 7993. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-5833-1

Controversy. Often heard on the news and found plastering the headlines of shady websites. However, there is none more associated with the word than the practice of genetically modifying organisms. Ever since the Industrial Revolution,the shift from manual labor to steam power, technology has developed at an accelerated pace, paving the way for greater innovation. Recently, the emergence of Biotechnology from the study of DNA has allowed for the creation of GMOs, organisms whose genes has been edited in order to express a certain trait. GMOs are most commonly used in agriculture, often designed for herbicide resistance or pesticide creation. Due to Media overreaction and false studies, the public has been whipped into a frenzy, demanding scientists

There are advantages of starting a pharmaceutical firm in India. It has emerged from being an enzyme-producing firm to a biotech powerhouse under the guidance of Ms Kiran M. Shaw. They have a well-established pharmaceutical industry that has been growing since 1947. After the purchase of Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. and India Drug and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. they were able to compete with the MNC’s (Multi National Corporaton) from overseas (Kalegaonkar, Locke, Lehrich, 2008, p. 2). In the beginning the pharmaceutical industry saw substantial growth. “By the beginning of the 21st century, over 20,000 pharmaceutical companies were operating in India” (Kalegaonkar, Locke, Lehrich, 2008, p. 2). “The pharmaceutical industry in India is ranked third

"Biotechnology involves any technique that uses living organisms or parts there of to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals or to develop micro organisms for specific uses" (Dr Sriwatanapongse, www.afic.org)

Forward and reverse genetics are ways to determine what genes or proteins are made by mutating or editing specific genes or proteins. In forward genetics, there is a specific phenotype and the goal is to figure out what genes cause that phenotype. This can be done in many different ways. For example, there could be a plant that wasn’t growing its roots and to figure out why, we would need to find all genes involved in the growing of the plants roots. The plant would need to be treated with some sort of mutagen, such as X-rays, chemicals, and insertional mutagenesis. X-rays can cause rearrangement and lose of DNA. Chemicals can result in point mutations, nonsense mutations, and non-coding regions. Insertional mutagenesis could effect the splicing of introns or where certain proteins bind/don’t bind affecting how they are coded. Then the plant would mate with multiple wild type plants. Each offspring of this plant would have different mutations. The plant(s) would be tested for the phenotype of interest or in this case, the ones not growing roots. This could

Biotechnology refers to technology in biology. Biotechnology modifies DNA or the genetic material of an organism to achieve a desired trait. GMOs are genetically modified organisms. This is when a person directly engineers the DNA. For example, food crops have been genetically modified by humans using conventional cultivation and propagation techniques. Biotechnology offers many health benefits and risks. Biotechnology can help with food production by helping plants become less vulnerable to drought, frost, insects, and viruses and by enabling plants to become competitive against weeds for soil nutrients. There are reports of few cases in which biotechnology has also improved the quality and the nutrition of foods by alternating their composition. Biotechnology in plants helps farmers increase crop yields. The plants are engineered to tolerate herbicides or attacks from pests such as insects and viruses. For example, two food plants been altered to produce modified oils: the soybean and canola plants. Industry officials reported that the modified soybean plant produces healthier oil; also stated that the canola plant was modified for laureate to cook the oil. Soybean oil is the most commonly used oil worldwide; scientist says that this new oil could significantly improve the health of millions of people. With good things come the risk and the risk for biotechnology is its potential risk to the environment and people. Some people fear that common plant pests could

Biotechnology is a broad term. Basically, it is the “tools and techniques [opening] new research avenues for discovering how healthy bodies work and what goes wrong when problems arise”(Siedler para. 1). It covers controversial technology and procedure, like genetic engineering and gene therapy. It is controversial because it can affect everyone(Jeremy para. 16). As a consequence, the development of biotechnology has been a “slow, quiet progress”(Kirsner para. 3) because society may or may not recognize the repercussion of it. However, scientist like Smith- a previous chief for the Cambridge biotech company, Genzyme- continues to develop biotechnology(para. 1). Because biotechnology can be controversial, yet scientist continues to develop it;

On the basis of reverse engineering and reconstruction, the application of CRISPR-Cas technology in the realm of biotechnology remains predominantly in following directions: optimizing agricultural crops, researching plant genome, and developing sustainable and accessible biofuel which relies on the exploration of new biological pathways in algae and corn (Hsu, Lander, Zhang, 2014; Jacobs, LaFayette, Schmitz, Parrott, 2015). We herein present several common features in developing transgenic plants from research reports of classic studies on crops.