Research Background And Significance Of Food And Fuel Supply

Photosynthesis is the process that takes place in plants and some algae in which light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy and is stored in the bonds of sugar. All plants need to make sugar is light energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of the plant cell, where the process utilizes chlorophyll. The parts of a chloroplast include the inner and outer membranes, stroma, and thylakoids that are stacked

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. The photosynthesis process and their capability of producing organic materials from CO2 is having a big influence in the biosphere. The process of photosynthesis generates the plants to take two inorganic substances, CO2 and water, and also light, and remodel their atoms to make the organic compounds on which life depends: (McGraw-Hill)

An important part of photosynthesis is the intake of carbon; thus, it can be presumed that increasing the amount of available carbon will increase photosynthetic activity. In most plants there is an increased rate of photosynthetic rate, but it is limited by other factors and reaches a plateau (Lei H, Zhishan Z.

Photosynthesis. Springer, New York, New York. Campbell, N.A. 2002. Biology, 6th ed. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co,

The enzyme behind this life-changing innovation is Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, better known as Rubisco. Rubisco is involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, a process by which atmospheric CO2 is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules. In chemical terms, rubisco catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP) (“Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate”). This begins three rounds of a cyclical series of reactions in which three CO2 molecules are converted into a compound called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is converted into various nutrients. RuBP is replenished at the end of each cycle. The used up ATP and NADPH are converted to ADP and NADP+, respectively, which are used for the light-dependent reactions (Cranford).

The crops that make up the largest amount of human and livestock calories are wheat, maize, rice, and soybean (Lobell, Gourdji, 2012). Of those, corn is the only plant that is not a C3 photosynthesis plant. The most inefficient part of C3 plants is the enzyme Rubisco. This is because Rubisco is also responsible for carboxylation and oxygenation (Raines, 2011). Oxygenation is increased with high temperatures and drought. If a C3 photosynthesis plant can find a way to increase the amount of CO2 provided to Rubisco and limit oxygenation it would increase photosynthetic efficiency. Rubisco activase is the enzyme responsible for activating Rubisco and has been shown to be unstable in vitro in temperatures greater

Plants occur around the world in a wide variety of environments, but how does the environment affect photosynthesis rate? Temperature, light intensity, water supply, and the amount of carbon dioxide are all factors that contribute photosynthesis rate. For the lab on photosynthesis, our group tested the Anacharis Bunch plant, which is an aquatic plant that needs moderate light in order for photosynthesis to occur (“Anacharis (Egeria densa)”). For photosynthesis to take place, energy from the sun is required. When sunlight strikes a plant, the stoma opens and carbon dioxide along with energy from the sun are absorbed into the chlorophyll as well as water which is transported up through the leaves to the chloroplasts where the chlorophyll are located. The chlorophyll then uses carbon dioxide, water, and the sun’s energy to produce to sugars such as glucose. After the glucose is produced, the energy that is stored in the glucose is then used to form ATP, which is carried throughout the plant and into the chloroplast where the energy is used for photosynthesis and other cellular functions. As a byproduct of synthesizing, a plant releases oxygen and water into the air. Then the cycle of photosynthesis which is made up of two parts, the Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle, start all over again (“A Primer on Photosynthesis”). To figure out the rate at which the Anacharis Bunch plant photosynthesizes under different conditions, my group and I decided to test the

Results found the necessity for light and CO2 in photosynthesis. As shown in Figure 1, the light + CO2 treatment had approximately 55% of disks float. The mesophyll layer of a leaf has many spaces filled with gas, causing floatation. However, all gases were removed from the Beta vulgaris disks in this experiment and replaced with water and dissolved sodium bicarbonate respectively. The sodium bicarbonate releases CO2, allowing photosynthesis to occur. Exposure to light also helps the Beta vulgaris photosynthesize and produce oxygen, therefore causing floatation. Light enters the chloroplasts of a plant and becomes stored as chemical energy in organic compounds, which are produced from CO2 (Mudie, K. and Brotherton, J. 2004). This supports the idea that light and CO2 together drive photosynthesis to

How have C4 plants solved the problem of photorespiration? C4 plants solved the problem of photorespiration by using new methods involving special bundle sheath cells. So as the CO2 diffuses into the mesophyll cell in goes to a number of transformations ultimate leading to the formation of Glycine. Then Glycine is transported to the bundle sheath cells where the Calvin Cycle is completed. Furthermore, the bundle sheath has a low concentration of oxygen and high concentration of carbon dioxide which in turn does not allow the Rubisco to have a chance of bonding to oxygen allowing for the overall production of glucose.

Our hypothesis was rejected because the plant in the cold temperature of 0°Celsius, had the greatest amount of oxygen produced from the starting point of 24% with a 1.60% increase. The room temperature of 23.33°Celsius was a close second with a 0.70% increase from the initial amount of 24%. The hot temperature of 40°Celsius was the lowest with a decrease of -2% from the starting amount of 24%. We noticed that the amount of oxygen produced increased as the temperature decreased. Though we believe if the temperature was lower than 0°Celsius then our results would be different, and the plant wouldn’t produce as much oxygen. The rate of photosynthesis depends on: light intensity, temperature, and the availability of carbon dioxide, and water. When

In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms from CO2 are fixed and used to build three-carbon sugars. This process is ran by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Unlike the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma. Rubisco is an enzyme that fixes CO2 by combining it with RuBP, which is a five-carbon sugar. The resulting 6-carbon molecule splits into two 3-carbon molecules, which are further rearranged to form PGAL. ATP provides the energy for these reactions, and NADPH provides the electrons.

Explain: Corn is a C4 plant because it is a plant that needs and produces CO2 into four sugar compounds that enter the Calvin cycle.

INTRODUCTION Enzymes are proteins which exist for the purpose of speeding up reactions without being consumed by them (Mader, 2010.) The actions of enzymes can be directly affected and altered by changes in the environment which include but are not limited to increase or decrease in temperature, pH levels or concentration. The first part of the experiment focuses on a particular enzyme driven reaction known as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis acts to fuel ecosystems and provide the Earth’s atmosphere with oxygen.

Without photosynthesis we would not be able to receive energy. We should be more appreciate of plants, without them we would not survive. This paper will explain the basic components require for photosynthesis, the role of chlorophyll, how energy is transferred, and photosystems I and II and the most precious product results of photosynthesis.

Glucose is an important product of the photosynthetic pathway in plant cells. When it is synthesized, it is either transported for use, or it is stored as starch to be used later on. Plants absorb light energy and take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to drive the light reactions and Calvin cycle, respectively, in order to create energy for themselves. As the global environment becomes increasingly warm and carbon dioxide accumulates from greenhouse effects, at a rate of 1.5 μmol^-1 per year (Pettersson, McDonald, & Stadenberg, 1993), it would be interesting to discover the effects on starch production, a key element of a plant 's survival as well as rubisco 's ability to fix this excess carbon. It is hypothesized that an influx of