Research Design : Experimental Results From High-Fidelity Laboratory Simulations?

Over the years, there have been numerous cases of African-American men being shot and killed by white police officers. According to many of these police officers, it was just a rapid decision to pull the trigger. Correspondingly, implicit biases have resulted in these ideologies, making African-American men seem more violent than white men. In fact, there are many studies that demonstrate how police officers are affected by implicit biases. For example, a study had college students play a computer game where the objective was to shoot dangerous armed

The dependent variable is observed to see how it changes in response to the experimental variable.

This factor was the independent variable; it was controlled by you, the experimenter. The other variable was a consequence of changes you made. This is the dependent variable. It was a consequence of changes in the independent variable.

Step 1: During this step of hypothesis testing, the query is stated again as a research theory and a null theory regarding the populations. The null and research hypothesizes are the opposites of each other. This step is necessary because it explains the theory and recognizes the populations, which will be worked throughout the study.

2A. To manipulate a variable is to be able to change it, the dependent variable.

— Some researchers say that, “Race triggers shooting by white police officers because whites feel more threatened by black faces than white faces.”

However, other studies continue to show that there are consequences for race in regards to a police officer’s response to criminal suspects. One study in particular used a computer simulation to examine police officers’ decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. (Plant, A., & Peruche, M. n.d.) Although there is a group of people who have the counterargument that reverse racism is becoming more of an issue than racial bias against Black Americans, recent Gallup polling still reveals that nearly seventy percent of Black Americans believe that the U.S. justice system is biased against them. The poll also shows that a quarter of White Americans as well as a third of all adults nationally, agrees. (Race Relations 2015).

The Department of Justice data indicates that per capita, police are approximately five times more likely to shoot a Black person than a White person (Correll, Hudson, Guillermo, & Ma, 2014). Some argue that the discrepancy when use of force is concerned, is driven by the types of activities that Blacks and Whites engage in (Correll, Hudson, Guillermo, & Ma, 2014). The thought is that if Blacks conduct more crimes than Whites, it would make sense that Blacks will be overrepresented in the encounters (Correll, Hudson, Guillermo, & Ma, 2014). Even though officers were still more likely to use force against Blacks, it was largely because officers were more likely to encounter Blacks in dangerous neighborhoods (Correll, Hudson, Guillermo, & Ma, 2014). Studies using controlled racial differences in arrest rates eliminated the effect of race on shootings. It was found that race generally had little effect of sensitivity. Regardless of race, police participants were usually able to distinguish between armed and unarmed suspects well (Correll, Hudson, Guillermo, & Ma,

Firefighters and police get exposed to scarring traumatic experiences and dangerous situations such as facing the possibility of failure in saving everyone in a fire, the distress of stumbling across a corpse, or the horrors of killing someone, intended or not. This brings up the misconception surrounding the shoot-to-kill policy. To start, officers are actually trained to shoot-to-stop or to end the immediate threat. In the United States, deadly force is only granted under the impression they are in danger of significant bodily harm or threat. A common question civilians bring up to condemn this policy is, “why didn’t they shoot to disarm instead?” The reason why is because the concept of shooting to wound is problematic. One reason

 2. A variable is a business intelligence characteristic that stands for a value that cannot change over time.

In the article The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context Implicit racial biases were examined in the decision to shoot potentially hostile targets in a multiethnic context. Results of two studies showed that college aged participants and police officers showed anti-black racial bias in their response times: the participants were quicker to “correctly” shoot armed black men or targets and to indicate “don’t shoot” for unarmed Latino, Asian and white targets. In addition to this, the police officers showed racial biases in response times toward Latino versus Asians or whites, and surprisingly, toward whites versus Asians (Sadler, Correll, Park, Judd, 2012, pg.286). These results also

The argument about the use of less lethal weapons and police use of force has been prevalent in society for decades. Although the idea and use of less lethal weapons has been embraced and approved by more than eight thousand different law enforcement agencies across the United States, there is a minute amount of empirical analysis regarding the use of less lethal weapons by law enforcement officials. This research paper assesses and provides a thorough portrayal of the large variety of options officers have when choosing less lethal weapons over opting for lethal weapons and the use of physical police force. There are a numerous amounts of hazardous, practical and operational concerns that are fundamental when deciding to acquire or use less

Armed police are required to become skilled at responding to events that demand the use of firearms (Fyfe, 1981). Arguments arise from the public's failure to recognise the police’s difficulty in making a straightforward judgment as to whether coercive force or the use of guns is required in events (Dick, 2005). When police do use guns, there is a risk that police may misfire and consequently cause more victims as a result (McCulloch, 1989). Furthermore, in circumstances that require force, natural biological impulses kick in; informally known as the fight or

A variable is referred to as any event, situation, behavior, or individual characteristic that changes or varies. Any variable

變數，這將被改變，被稱為自變量。 The variables, which will be altered, are known as independent variables. 變數，這將是衡量，被稱為因變量。 The variables, which will be measure, are known as dependant variables.