Research Methods

The scientific method is a process that is used to answer questions and solve problems. Although there are different variations of the scientific method, it contains 5 basic steps. (1) Recognize a question or an unexplained occurrence in the natural world. Once this question has been developed examine scientific literature to determine what is already known about the subject matter. (2) Develop a hypothesis. A hypothesis is

Ethics are the norms or standards for conduct that distinguish between right and wrong. They help to determine the difference between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. Why are ethical considerations so important in research? First, ethical standards prevent against the fabrication or falsifying of data and therefore, promote the pursuit of knowledge and truth which is the primary goal of research. Ethical behavior is also critical for collaborative work because it encourages an environment of trust, accountability, and mutual respect among researchers. This is especially important when considering issues related to data sharing, co-authorship, copyright guidelines, confidentiality, and many other issues. Researchers must also adhere to ethical standards in order for the public to support and believe in the research. The public wants to be assured that researchers followed the appropriate guidelines for issues such as human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, conflicts of interest, safety, health standards and so on. The handling of these ethical issues greatly impact the integrity of the research project and can affect whether or not the project receives funding. Because ethical considerations are so important in research, many professional associations and agencies have adopted codes and policies that outline ethical behavior and guide researchers. These codes address issues such as honesty, objectivity,

To design and carry out a certain experiment, one should follow some crucial steps. These steps holistically make up a systematic process called the scientific method (Penn State Science, 2008). The scientific method involves the recognition of a problem, compilation of background research, formulation of a hypothesis, design and conduction of an experiment, interpretation of a conclusion, and discussion of future implications of the investigation (Hess, 2011). Overall, this is a fundamental outline of how the experiment ought to be executed.

One known research method is the Scientific Method which is a uniform way of creating observations, assembly data, establishing concepts, testing predictions, and understanding outcomes. These observations are made in order to observe and define behaviors. The first step to take in using a scientific method is to develop an issue or question. Next step is to perform a research and observation on the issue or question that was developed. Then a hypothesis needs to be formulated after these steps have been made.

The null hypotheses states that there is no statistically significant differences or relationships between the independent variable and the dependent variable within a study.

When starting an experiment, researchers use the scientific method to find what they are looking for. The Scientific method is the process of establishing and answering questions from controlled techniques, observation, and data that is collected. The scientific method consists three step establish the questions, next form a hypothesis and then test out the idea. The first step in the scientific method is to identify the main question you want to answer. Then in the second step, the question is used to form ideas that can be tested. The final step is the hypothesis is executed, data get collected, and then the data is analyzed.

Research methodology generally involves qualitative research or quantitative research, or a mixture of both. A quantitative research methodology involves the analysis of data collected from a large number of surveys or interviews. On the other hand, methodologies for qualitative research often involve using surveys or interviews to collect information about people — their attitudes, experiences and behaviors.

Share your approach to synthesizing the evidence. What were the variables of interest you identified?

Quantitative and Qualitative are said to be systematic in different design. Both design have to follow a process system that involved defining a principle of research.

girls’ body image: Gendered ideals and sociocultural influences, Body Image, Volume 10, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 591-598, ISSN 1740-1445, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.07.006.

For example, federal regulations on research misconduct, human subjects, and animal care and use are important to ensure researchers who receive public funding are held accountable to the public. In addition, ethical standards help construct public support for research. The more one can trust the research’s quality and integrity, the greater the chance that people will fund the project. Lastly, a lot of the ethical principles advocate an array of other social and moral values, like animal welfare, human rights, social responsibility, health and safety, and compliance with the law. If ethical lapses were to occur in studies, animal and human participants, as well as students and the public could be significantly harmed. For instance, if a researcher falsified data from a clinical trial, it may harm or even kill future patients. If a researcher failed to obey guidelines and regulations pertaining to biological safety or radiation, it may not only threaten his health, but also the health of his peers (staff and students). For these specific reasons, researchers believe that ethical conduct is important and thereby abide by their institution’s specific ethical standards.

Qualitative and quantitative research methods are two most common approaches used when conducting a research task on a criminological issue. Some studies use both approaches together to further enhance and support their research and information, while others choose to use just one. The decision to use one

Healthy People program has existed for the last three decades to provide science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. Healthy People 2020 depict assessments of key risks to wellness and health. It has changed health priorities and issues related to preparedness and prevention of national’s health. The mission of Healthy People 2020 is to; identify nationwide health improvement priorities; increase public awareness and understanding of determinants of health, disease, disability, and opportunities for progress; provide measurable objectives and goals applicable at national, state, and local levels; engage multiple sectors to take actions to strengthen policies and improve practices that are driven by the best available evidence and knowledge; and identify critical research evaluation and data collection methods. The overarching goals of Healthy People 2020 are; attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease; achieve healthy equality, eliminate disparities; create social and physical environments that promote good health; promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across life stages (Committee on Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2020, 2011).

There are three reasons why it is extremely important to adhere to ethical standards in research. First, ethical standards promote the objectives of research, such as knowledge, honesty, and avoidance of error. For example, preventions against fabricating, doctoring, or misrepresenting research information promote the truth and avoid error. Second, because research often includes a great deal of cooperation and coordination among numerous different people in different

In doing the research, the methodology must be appropriate so that the analysis findings could reach the objective. Research methodology proposed one procedure in order way to be follow to answer all the questions in the research that want to be made. Quoted by Denzin and Lincoln (1994), methodology is a process that related with research objective and data. In the others word, it is early research planning that include the research scope, data collection method, data collection process and data analysis method. For Ranjit (2005), methodology is one of crucial part in research, in order to ensure the research can be done in the systematic way Overall, this chapter will discuss on the research frame and the methodologies used in order to meet the research objectives. Research process been divided into three main parts there are preliminary research part, data collection and last one data analysis.