Research On Cancer

Cancer is a term used for diseases in which irregular cells divide without any control and have the capability to penetrate and infect normal body tissue through the blood and lymph system. Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in the United States, exceeded barely by heart disease. According to the CDC Cancer Statistics and Data, there were more than 1.45 million people diagnosed with various kind of cancer between 1999 and 2007 and out of those more than 562,000 people died due to cancer (cdc.gov, 2012). Currently there are more than 200 different types of cancer that have been discovered. Cancer could be

Tumour cells contain many mutated and misregulated genes, some of which the tumour requires for its survival, growth or metastasis. Overexpressed proteins have previously made good drug targets, for example Trastuzumab targets Her2 in breast cancer and Gleevec targets BCR-ABL in CML. When studying a potential novel drug target, I would search the literature and online databases such as Oncomine to determine whether the gene is known to be misregulated or mutated in human cancers. I would be particularly interested in studies on the effects of tumourigenesis when the potential target has been overexpressed or knocked-down/out,

target organ of metastases originating from lung cancer (40-50%), breast cancer (15-25%) and melanoma (5-20%),

Surgical treatment: the main purpose is to remove the cancer before it spreads, which may be impossible.

In the United States alone, there was an estimated 1,685,210 new cases of cancer and an estimated of 595,690 people will die from the disease in 2016 ("Cancer Statistics”). Cancer is a very common aliment that affects men, women, children, and all races and ethnicities. There are many different types of cancers, and cancer research has been a focal point for many scientists. There are various treatments that a cancer patient to undergo. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immune therapy are among the most common ones. Each treatment works differently, and has different positive and negative side effects.

This method not only allowed a better understanding of the damage cancer had done, but also helped the progress of cancer surgery. Body tissues removed by the surgeon could now be examined and an exact diagnosis could be done. The pathologist could also tell the surgeon whether the operation had completely removed the cancer.

Cancer is described as an uncontrollable division of cells. According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, with an estimated 595,690 deaths and 1,685,210 new cases in 2016 alone (NIH 2015). Cancer can develop from almost every organ of the body, with the most common organs affected being the breasts, lungs, prostate, colon, and bladder (NIH 2015). As the disease progresses, it may become metastatic, where the cancer cells migrate from their point of origin to other parts of the body. Cancer can spread in three ways: through tissue, through the lymph system, and through the blood (NIH 2015). When cancer progresses to a metastatic state, it is

Why the problem persists (one: name it, according to topic/problem). The problem persists because cancer is an umbrella for over 200 different diseases. Although these diseases have many outward similarities (all grow uncontrollably and have the potential to invade and spread), the biological mechanism is different for most cancer types. You may find cures for various cancers, but each will need their own research and treatment strategies (Faller, 2015).

We are lucky enough to live in a modern world and have access to numerous studies and awesome medical reveals. But, we have not found a cure for the modern plague – cancer.

Cancer occurrs by the production of multiple mutations in a single cell that causes it to proliferate out of control. Cancer cells often different from their normal neighbors by a host of specific phenotypic changes, such as rapid division rate, invasion of new cellular territories, high metabolic rate, and altered shape. Some of those mutations may be transmitted from the parents through the germ line. Others arise de novo in the somatic cell lineage of a particular cell. Cancer-promoting mutations can be identified in a variety of ways. They can be cloned and studied to learn how they can be controlled.

One of the deadliest diseases known man, cancer, is responsible for every one out of every four deaths in the United States. Worldwide, there are more than 10 million new cancer cases per year, and cancer is the cause of approximately 12% of all deaths (Silvera & Rohan, 2007). This count is rising and will continue to do so as scientists and researchers claim that there is no cure yet, just treatment. So, what exactly is cancer and how does it work? Cancer can arise virtually anyplace in the human body, which consists of trillions of cells. Generally, human cells mature and divide to create new cells as the body needs them. Whether it is from damage or aging, cells eventually die and new cells take their place. However, when cancer develops, this systematic process becomes disrupted. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells live when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed (Doll & Peto, 1981). These new cells are able to divide without stopping which can eventually lead to abnormal growths called tumors.

Patients in the early stages of cancer, prior to metastasis, can often be cured by surgically removing the tumor. On the other hand, patients with advanced cancer that has already metastasized must be treated with systemic therapies. Common therapies used today are radiation and chemotherapy. Although in some cases these treatments are effective at removing tumors, they are not selective against cells within the tumor and are frequently toxic to the patient. A relatively new approach towards cancer treatment is targeted therapy: drugs that inhibit specific molecules involved in tumor development. These drugs are more specific towards tumor cells and less damaging to normal cells [1]. Although initial therapeutic responses to targeted therapy drugs are promising, many patients will experience regrowth and progression of the tumor within several months following treatment [1, 2]. Typical detectable metastatic lesions are expected to contain hundreds of cells resistant to the drug before the start of treatment. These cells likely expand during treatment, repopulate the tumor, and cause treatment failure [1]. Along with preexisting mutations, these targeted therapies put massive selective pressure on the diverse cell populations of the tumor, which then drive the tumor cells to select for mutations that cause resistance. This resistance can result from several different processes, which can include genetic alternation in the drug targets

The authors did not find a correlation between tumour data such as tumour size or tumour receptor type and relative gene expression.

Cancer is probably one of the most dreaded words in the English language. It is a disease where cells becomes abnormal and start to divide uncontrollably and from tumors. A frightening thing to consider is that some forms of cancer do not show side effects until the advanced stages. When the disease is severe, the treatment is also severe and sometimes chemotherapy and radiation do not work. However, there is hope for a better system of cancer treatment that has shown to have a higher chance of succeeding provided by genetic mapping. Now, there is an option to have tumors genetically mapped so that cancer treatments can be more personalized. Also, because of genetic mapping doctors are making connections and have a greater understanding

INTRODUCTION: Cancers of multiple types remain one of the foremost challenging and significant obstacles faced by health providers with numbers rising to an epidemic in recent years. It is a leading cause of death worldwide. In 2007 it accounted for approximately 8 million deaths (around 13% of all deaths); and exceeding 70% of these