Research Paper On Acetaminophen

Discovered in 1877 by Harmon Northrop Morse at the John Hopkins University, Paracetamol was one of several aniline deriviatives that was found to have analgesic and antipyretic properties (Brodie 23). It was first synthesized by the reduction of p-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid; however was not used classified as a medication until ten year later (Bertolini 264). Initially, phenacetin, a closely related compound that exhibited similar physiological effects, became the popular over the counter drug for headaches (Bertolini 251). However, later research by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 found that phenacetin was in fact metabolized into paracetamol within the body (Brodie and Axelrod 60).

Everybody has memorable and disheartening days in their life and some make you look at the bigger picture in life and adjust your true values. For me a memory that’s so vivid in my brain it seems like it happened yesterday though it did not. This was the day my grandpa was hospitalized and had later died of a brain aneurysm. He suffered a lot of brain damage in the process because he toke Advil regularly and with that his blood was very thin and that caused a lot of blood to run into his head and around his brain. The thought if he never had taken Advil if he would still be around today is always in my head. From this incident I have made a goal to not use any pain medication unless it is cleared with a medical staff or doctor, this puts me at a small minority with people who I am around. As an athlete a lot of people look to Advil and other over the

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

Description: Ketamine is a nonbarbiturate, sedative hypnotic used parenterally to provide anesthesia for short diagnostic and surgical procedures. It is also used as an inducing agent, as an adjunct to supplement low-potency anesthetics such as nitrous oxide, and as a supplement to local and regional anesthesia. Ketamine can be used concomitantly with muscle relaxants without complication because it does not provide muscle relaxation of its own. It is a fairly short-acting agent that provides a profound, rapid, dissociative state and a short recovery time.

Albuterol also known as Salbutamol is a common medication used to treat asthma and similar respiratory ailments.[1] Albuterol is a bronchodilator and works to open the airways of the lungs. Albuterol can be taken intravenously or orally. The preferred method of this substance is orally, which in itself have various ways of being administered. One way is by inhalation, either from a vapor mist in the form of an inhaler and a nebulizer or, as a powder like Advair. In addition to inhalation, albuterol can be ingested as syrup or a tablet. Because of it varying forms Albuterol is can easily meet the need of the patient, making it a popular medication to treat asthma, emphazma, bronchitis and other airway constricting disorders.

Ketamine (Ketamine Hydrochloride) is a drug that has been used for many decades, since 1963 as an anesthetic. It is the most preferred anesthetic compound since it can induce anesthesia in 1-2 minutes after administration. It also maintains homeostasis during the time that the patient is unconscious. Recent breakthroughs in research have proven its use as a rapid anti-depressant in patients suffering from Treatment Resistant Depression and has been considered a miracle. It can alleviate the symptoms of depression within hours of being administered at a low dosage and its effects are long lasting as well. Even though several drugs have been invented for treating depression, depression

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic developed in the early 1960s and used in human and veterinary medicine. The drug is primarily used for anesthesia. It can be injected, consumed in drinks, snorted, or added to cigarettes. Ketamine was placed on the list of controlled substances in the US in 1999. Users describe the high from ketamine as a pleasant sensation of floating or a dissociative state of being separated from their bodies. Like any other drug it has short and long term effects including increased heart rate and blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, numbness, depression, amnesia, hallucinations and potentially fatal respiratory problems. In the 1950s, phencyclidine (PCP) was developed as an intravenous general anesthetic, but because

of prostaglandin E2, which lessen the hypothalamic target point to reduce fever, and creating active the descending inhibitory serotonergic pathways to produce analgesia. Even though acetaminophen have similarities with the analgesic and antipyretic properties of other COX inhibitors like the aspirin and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), still it does not possess considerable anti-inflammatory properties. Contrary to aspirin, acetaminophens do not hinder thromboxane and, as such, aggregation of platelet does not change.

When you are trying to conceive, one of the best things that can help you is over the counter fertility drugs. The great things about these drugs is that they are natural and do not have any side effects to worry about. However, there are several options, so learning more about them will help you make the best decision possible. Here are some of the most popular options out there.

The striking of the patient at presentation are; Recent history of seizures secondary to cocaine abuse and ED/hospital admission findings of unresponsiveness to verbal and deep pain stimuli with dilated and fixed pupils and no gag reflex. Furthermore, striking laboratory results are, decreased CO2, increased BUN, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, markedly increased AST, ALT, total and direct bilirubin, and CK concentrations; multiple abnormal coagulation tests with results getting worst over time; modestly increased serum acetaminophen concentration at presentation and high phenytoin concentrations at 24hr; and a positive urine drug screen for tri-cyclic antidepressants (TCA).

Ketamine can come in a variety of forms which include liquid, powder, and tablet or capsules. When in liquid form, it is taken how it is medically using a syringe. Usually people that are given it medically take it in small doses but people that use it to get high will most likely overdose for a better effect. Powder is another form in which ketamine can come in. It looks like a white dust and kind of looks like cocaine. It can have small bumpy bits as well. The last two forms it can come are tablet or capsule. Both these forms can look like a normal tablet or capsule but might have the letter K engraved to shows its ketamine.

She was prescribed Salbutamol as inflammatory mediators in asthma cause airway smooth muscles to contract, reducing the diameter of airways throughout the lung. Albuterol is a beta-2 agonist that acts by relaxing smooth muscle. Side effects include a fine tremor in the hands and nervousness are the most common side effects of salbutamol. It may also causes palpitation, tachycardia, chest discomfort, headache, muscle cramps, hypokalemia, difficulty in micturition and paradoxical bronchospasm ("Salbutamol - mechanism of action, dosage, usage, side effects", 2017).

Diazepam (Valium) was developed by Leo Sternbach in early 1960s and approved for use in 1963. Since 1969 Valium was the most sold pharmasutical drug in the United States . In therapeutic doses diazepam has a much stronger sedative effect compared to barbiturates.

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) hepatotoxicity is the classical example of direct liver injury. Paracetamol is generally safe at recommended doses, but its intrinsic toxicity at higher doses represents the most important cause of acute liver failure and transplantation. Paracetomol is rapidly metabolized in the liver at therapeutic doses principally through sulfation and glucuronidation, and only very small portion is oxidized by cytochrome P450 2E1 to generate a highly reactive and cytotoxic intermediate N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which yields a harmless water-soluble product, mercapturic acid on conjugation by hepatic glutathione. However, the capacity for glucuronidation and sulfation is exceeded after acetaminophen overdose and a large amount of NAPQI is formed via cytochrome P450 2E1 [26, 27].

Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drugs worldwide and easily available for use without a prescription. In 2014, over 67,000 people receive an overdose of APAP in the US, among which around 1,200 cases ended with severe liver failure or death [1].