Introduction
Treatment of allergic diseases represents a vast source of global healthcare costs. Allergies affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide with the number of cases continuing to increase at an alarming rate. The study of allergies and how genes and environmental factors affect them are ongoing. Currently, allergen immunotherapy is one of the few viable forms of treatment recognized. However, an alternative method of therapy utilizing microbes may be on the horizon.
Microbiota Hypothesis
The association between commensal bacteria and allergic diseases has been well documented. The hygiene hypothesis was initially proposed to explain why people living in cleaner, industrialized societies had much higher rates of allergy diseases
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The DCs can sample antigens in the intestines and transfer them to T cells, which then differentiate into various effector T cells, also known as Treg cells. The type of Treg cells created depends on the cytokine signals that are produced by microbial cells. Without specific Treg cells, the body cannot create important anti-inflammatory immune cells such as IL-10 and IL-22. Bacteroides and Lactobacillus species are documented to influence the production of IL-10.[6] Therefore, the presence and composition of gut microflora is important in reducing inflammatory responses to …show more content…
SCFAs can affect almost all immunologic cells to change their function. A proposed mechanism of SCFAs effects on the immune system is the inhibition of histone deacetylases in gene expression.[5] Preserving acetylation of histones located on Foxp3 promoters is important to maintain Foxp3+ Tregs. Out of the major SCFAs, butyrate was determined to have the greatest effect.[5] In specific pathogen-free mice, a butyrate-based diet of maize starches increased the amount of Foxp3+ Tregs the most when compared to acetytate or propionate based diets. To solidify the relationship between Foxp3+ Tregs and commensal bacteria, the same butyrate-based diet did not cause any increase in Foxp3+ Treg amount in germ free mice. From these results, microbiota enrichment strategies involving key bacteria that produce SCFAs like Clostridium could have clinical importance in treating food
The sheer diversity of the microbiota means that bodily disorders associated with the gut region (encompassing the stomach and intestines) are difficult to diagnose, and even harder to find the source of the disorder. Intestinal Bowel Disease (IBD) is a large category of bodily disorders associated with the gut. IBD most commonly manifests itself in two forms – Crohn’s Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis [1]. Crohn’s disease is arguably a more severe form of the disease, as the diseased tissue tends to go deeper into the intestines. Ulcerative Colitis, while still very detrimental and pain causing, causes inflammation of tissue at more of the surface level. The diseases affects a significant portion of the population, with a high rate of new cases discovered - between 20,000 and 100,000 people are diagnosed with types of IBD annually in North America [1]. The role of the microbiota in inducing intestinal diseases has been suspected.
Before I discuss what is causing the allergies I have some interesting facts for you.
The products of fermentation, however, cannot be further used. Highly toxic hydrogen sulphide, produced by colonic bacteria, is converted by intestinal mucosa to thiosulphate, which cannot act as an electron acceptor. During intestinal inflammation, oxidation of thiosulphate to tetrathionate is facilitated by the reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide radicals produced by recruited neutrophils transmigrating into gut lumen. Inflammation is, in fact, necessary for such conversion. Under the circumstances of competition, the ability of S. Typhimurium to use tetrathionate, a virulence-factor-induced electron acceptor that members of the resident microbiota are unable to utilize, provides growth advantage and, through selective enrichment of the inflamed environment for S. Typhimurium, promotes increased fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen. The ability of S. Typhimurium to respire tetrathionate is mapped to a locus in SPI-2 (Winter et al.
In the last century, changes in the Western diet have changed the intake of omega 6 fatty acids (fats from meat and vegetable oils) compared with omega-3 fatty acids (fats from fatty marine fish). Many studies show that the change of attitude in the entry omega 3 and omega 6 through diet increased the propensity to inflammatory reactions that are associated with the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
In 1994 a report by the Mollen commission on police corruption in New York exposed disproportionate corruption within the department. Violent crime, including gang type activity, cops in uniform routinely storming drug locations and stealing narcotics, money weapons and whatever they felt like taking. On duty police officers riding alongside drug dealers, providing protection while the dealers carried big amounts of drugs and cash. The commission also found cops who became drug dealers themselves starting up their own drug dealing networks and delivery centers. (Neighborhood Explanations) Although most officers are honest and hard-working, the Mollen report exposed serious, violent activity by some in the department.
The epidemiology of non-allergic rhinitis is one-third that of allergic rhinitis, which affects 7% of 20 million people in the U.S. population and is developed in individuals after 20 years of age. (Settipane, & Kaliner, 2013). The pathophysiology of non-allergic rhinitis does not involve the immune system, but is said to be heterogeneous and is widely diverse with symptoms that are triggered by other underlying chronic illnesses, certain foods, strong odors, perfume, alcohol and, weather changes (AAAAI,
Asthma and Allergy are accepted conditions that involve both genetics and environmental bothers (contributions). Also, this type of condition is a disease striking the cells of the human body’s immune system; however, it is inflammatory response to a normally
S., Church, M. K., & Scadding, G. K. (2016). Allergic rhinitis: impact, diagnosis, treatment and management. Clinical Pharmacist, Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/research/review-article/allergic-rhinitis-impact-diagnosis-treatment-and-management/20201509.article#fn_1
Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic allergic disorder that mainly involves the skin (Sears 89). As reported in, The Allergy Book, “of all the allergic disorders…eczema is the most troublesome to treat” (89). In addition, eczema care is much more than skin deep; the whole body must be healthy to minimize eczema (Sears 98). Our immune system’s response to allergens is what causes millions of us to suffer from allergic disorders (Sears 3). In addition, epidemiologic data showed that atopic children have a different intestinal flora from that of healthy ones (Ozdemir par. 4). Researchers are beginning to link the introduction of probiotics as an effective way to treat/or prevent eczema.
Allergic rhinitis” is very comnon disease affects about 5-22% from world population with about 9% of all visits to physicians” for the allergic diseases [1].
My Profile Essay By: Julie Ryan What do you want to be when you grow up? I already know what I want to be I want to be a homicide detective. There are many duties and responsibility of a homicide detective.
Some of our gut flora play a critical role in helping us digest certain things. For example, they ferment dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids. They also play an important role in creating vitamins B and K, as well as other important chemicals, such as sterols. These play an important role in our immune function. Problems with the gut flora are known to correlate to autoimmune disease and inflammatory
Similarly, “Crohn's disease was more common in subjects whose first houses had a hot-water tap (odds ratio 5.0, 95% CI 1.4-17.3) and separate bathroom… ” (Gent, A. E. and M. D. Hellier. 766). Just as hygiene relates to having easily accessible water and a separate bathroom, cleaner environments are highly associated with Crohn’s disease in contrast to underdeveloped environments. Ultimately, the risk of developing Crohn’s disease is related to the degree of exposure to pathogens during the early years of maturation of the immune
As the saying goes “we are what we eat” most people have heard of the saying, but really do not think twice about it; so what you eat can cause diseases that most people do not know about. The microbes that live in the gut helps with digestion, which plays an important role in the health of the host (Clemente, Jose C., Luke K. Ursell, Laura Wegener Parfrey, and Rob Knight. "The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health: An Integrative View." Cell 148.6 (2012): 1258-270. Web. ). Because of what you eat, it can influence the diversity of the microbes and certain disease to develop because of your diet. Knowing that what you eat can impact health it can help to change how the diet is in today’s society. This is why microbes are important to
Innovation means to bring about changes to an already existing idea or product. In addition, it can be applied to products, services, and processes, as well as concepts, for example, sustainability or sharing economy. Initially, innovation appears to be ethically indifferent and its moral valuation is determined by its use. Regarding the Internet, the responsibility lies within the user, but innovation frequently brings significant consequences for society. Innovation is not just technological or economical, but also social and ethical. It can contribute to the creation and destruction or jobs, the invasion of privacy, the fight against crime, and finding a cure for diseases. Innovation is closely related to education, new economic models, interpersonal dialogue, and participative democracy. While responsible innovation is crucial, it is not typically easy. All decisions require careful consideration, specifically in relation to the negative and positive consequences associated.