Research Paper On Cholelithiasis

When gallstones are suspected to be the cause of symptoms, the doctor is likely to do an ultrasound exam or CT Scan, the most sensitive and specific test for gallstones. Other exams that may be performed are a Cholescintigraphy a.k.a. HIDA (hepatobiliary iminodiactec acid) Scan, ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography), and blood tests.

I knew the severe symptoms that I had were not characteristic of gallbladder disease. Particularly not in the beginning, when there was only a very small amount of gallbladder sludge. The very elevated liver enzymes I had were also a mystery because they also do not occur when there is gallbladder sludge alone. They can occur when there is sludge blocking a duct, but there never appeared to be any obstructed ducts in either of the ultrasounds I had during that

The Cholera Years by Charles E. Rosenberg and A Shopkeeper’s Millennium by Paul E. Johnson initially viewed as two completely different and unrelated books, but upon examination they both deal with the social changes during the mid-nineteenth century and how the American society dealt with those changes. Rosenberg’s book focuses on the epidemics of cholera, primarily in New York City, and how during the three different epidemics society reacted differently to discover the cause and act upon the recommended solutions to combat and deal with the cholera disease. Johnson’s book discusses the early development of the city of Rochester, New York from 1815-1837 and the social reform movements that affected the city during this time period.

Other symptoms of gall stone formation in your body are decreased appetite, severe pain by your left side, vomiting, low grade fever, abdominal distention, flatulence, elevated cholesterol level and taking deep breaths causes you pain.

Gallstones are solid formations that are created from the components found in the bile juice. Gall juice is a yellowish-green liquid that contains bile acids, cholesterol, bilirubin, metals and other metabolites. Accordingly, we distinguish cholesterol (stones with cholesterol), bilirubin (stones with bilirubin) and mixed.

The ultrasound will look for the presence of gallstones, inflammation of the liver, blockage of the bile duct, thickened gallbladder walls or an oversized bile duct tract. An ultrasound can detect gallstones that are two millimeters or larger in size.

The previous prevention methods assumed the absence of cholera in New York City. However, Dr. North considered a situation in which cholera took hold of New York City, as had happened in 1832 and 1849, and asserted methods for prevention during such an epidemic. Personal cleanliness appeared as the paramount method of prevention during an epidemic, “the most careful observance of personal cleanliness, not only of the physician, but of the attendants, and so far as may be of the patients themselves” (North 21). Attention to this type of personal cleanliness followed North’s inclusion of various theories of cholera as a contagion and served to prevent its spread based on the possibility of contagion’s efficacy. North continued by recommending

I. Introduction: It is estimated that approxiamately 10 to 20 percent of the population in the United States and Western Europe are currently being affected by Gallbladder attacks.

Open gallbladder removal, or open cholecystectomy, is a surgery to remove the gallbladder via it is a large open incision in the abdomen. Doctors perform the procedure to provide permanent relief to a patient that suffers from gallstones and there could be other problems associated with the gallbladder.

Cholelithiasis (also called gallstones) is a form of gallbladder disease in which gallstones form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is an organ that stores bile. Bile is made in the liver, and it helps digest fats. Gallstones begin as small crystals and slowly grow into stones. Gallstone pain occurs when the gallbladder contracts and a gallstone is blocking the duct. Pain can also occur when a stone passes out of the duct.

Cholera is a disease characterized by “diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and dehydration” (MayoClinic, 2017). An outbreak of the disease was seen in England in the early 1800’s. The system for treating all ailments was based off of humoral pathology. Doctors analyzed patients “based on the idea that our bodies have four important fluids or humors--blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.” (O’Neil, 2007). If one is out of balance, they would try to counteract it. The lack of knowledge and equipment allowed cholera to remain a mystery to the people of England. Another lack of knowledge was how disease spreads. At the time, the Miasma Theory was accepted, this stated that diseases were gotten by taking in ‘toxic air’. This simply was not logical.

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. If the gallbladder was damaged or dysfunctional there would be softer and more frequent stools. (Audesirk, T., & Audesirk, G. (1999). Retrieved November 21, 2015 from Chapter 29: Nutrition and Digestion. In Biology: Life on Earth (5th ed., p. 585, 586). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.) (General Surgery- Gallstones (Cholelithiasis). (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from

This day in age, contracting cholera is not something people worry about in the United States. The United States was able to escape this worry because of effective public health measures and other resources. However, in third world countries such as Haiti, a cholera outbreak is a frequent worry. Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, found in contaminated waters. Symptoms of cholera include diarrhea, dehydration, increased heart rate, muscle cramps, low blood pressure, and dry mouth, throat, nose and eyelids (WebMD 2014). In industrialized countries, the implementation of water treatment facilities and sewage has eradicated cholera. Cholera is easily treated, by simply following rehydration methods. Cholera was a seemingly easy

The patient's symptoms along with the lab results provided a very similar match to Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis. Acalculous Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder where gallstones are NOT the contributing factor. This is significant because patient had a negative test result for gallstones. In this case, i think that it was most likely caused by an increase in bile viscosity that occurs from stasis. And in turn, leads to blockage of the cystic duct. The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct.

The surgical treatment for the diseases related to the gall bladder, liver, pancreas as well as oesophagus, stomach and small bowel that is the upper gastrointestinal tract) is known as the GI surgery. It is performed under the care of the general surgeon who has a specialist interest in upper gastrointestinal surgery. The conditions treated are many and varied; they often require the assistance of gastroenterologists and specialist nurses who boast specialization in the cancer care and inflammatory bowel