Research Paper On Dark Energy

Scientists assume that dark matter is real. Gravitational theory requires dark matter to explain why our universe looks the way it does. Without dark matter in the galaxies, the circular force of the galaxies would push stars out of their orbits and off into space. Scientists also assume dark matter is plentiful. Scientists theorize that there should be five or six times more dark matter than the matter we now detect. Scientists also theorize that dark matter must be made up of particles that obey all or some of the known laws of physics.

During the 1970s, dark matter had been discovered accidentally by astronomers Vera Rubin and Kent Ford, they were observing galaxies and they noticed that stars far from the galaxy centre had a velocity similar to the celestial objects closer in. The observation was unexpected due to the visible mass of galaxies lacking the required gravity to keep the further stars in the orbit, therefore the astronomers were faced with a “missing mass” problem and the concept of dark matter had been created (16). The main problem with dark matter is that we can’t observe it directly, we must indirectly study its interaction with normal matter to be learn more about it (17). There may be a misconception between what is observed and what is known to be there, for example; if a man is floating mid-air, due to the fact that humans are unable to fly; it can be concluded that there must be something holding the man up there (2). In 1997, Hubble Space Telescope revealed light from far galaxies bent due a mass of 250 times greater than the visible mass which that scientists believe dark matter is the reason for (18). Also, NASA’s Chandra X-ray observatory had been used by astronomers to measure the allocation of dark matter in an immense constellation of galaxies located around a billion light year from earth, the cluster is engulfed by a significant amount of clouds of hot gas, from the observation it had been found that the amount of dark matter is a hundred trillion more than the mass of the sun which held the cluster of gravities together (17). Comprehending dark matter is an important task to understand the most vital aspects of the

In the scientific community, many ask what forces drive the shaping of galaxies and the universe. This question is difficult to answer because physicists realized there was missing mass when they were looking at galaxies in the universe. Galaxies simply could not exist without accounting for additional mass. However, scientist Fritz Zwicky theorized a solution for this problem in the 1930’s (Basak). He used the abstract idea that this missing mass could be accounted for with undetectable dark matter. Unfortunately, scientists still are not sure what exactly these dark matter particle are, but they confirm they must exist. Without dark matter the universe would not have formed into the shape it is in currently.

Dark matter is the idea of unseen matter in the universe that affects the gravitation and mass of varying objects, such as stars and galaxies. Dark matter is hard to see and find because unlike matter, it does not reflect or emit light. It also does not affect the electromagnetic fields in the universe (CERN 1). Dark matter can either be “hot” or “cold.” “Cold” dark matter means when the big bang occurred it was not moving fast enough to affect the formation of galaxies. Dark matter can also be “hot,” meaning it was moving fast enough to affect a galaxy’s matter (White 1).

When talking about vacuum energy you have to take holographic principle into account. It is because the vacuum energy gets dynamical property when it is evolving. Holographic vacuum energy behaves as a type of dark energy. When the universe just started because of the Big Bang the universe was small and all the matter was closer together than today. When all the galaxies where closer together gravity was the dominant force, which means that the acceleration of the universe was slower. If there was less space in the universe and vacuum energy comes from space itself it was a small part of the early universe. People think that it has been around 13.7 billion years since the Big Bang and now the universe has grown much bigger and the galaxies

For thousands of years, philosophers and astronomers have been trying to determine the origin of our universe. The twentieth century proved to be a time of intense research in the fields of astronomy and physics. While science still searches for the solution uniting general relativity and quantum mechanics, some astrophysicists have conjectured about the implications of quantum gravity for the universe’s existence. The most exotic objects in our universe, black holes, may hold the key to the creation of our universe. Physicist Lee Smolin has been one of the most prominent theorists in this area of astrophysics. Smolin’s theory of cosmological natural selection attempts to explain the origin of our universe and its fundamental

“Dark energy comprises 69% of the universe, dark matter makes up 25%, and ordinary atomic matter only makes up 5%,” (Spergel). For centuries, scientists have been gathering innumerable amounts of information to comprehend the elaborate universe. A handful of these observers have detected invisible forces comprising space. Countless amounts of astronomers have tried to explain this dark mystery. In 1917, Albert Einstein was able to add the cosmological constant to his general theory of relativity, which explains the existence of inconspicuous forces in the universe (Grim). As stated in the article “The Dark Side of Cosmology…” the cosmological constant implies the existence of both dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter and energy are still

As we progress as a species, we use more resources than the world can proportionately replenish. Third world countries such as Pakistan, Uganda, and Haiti are experiencing an energy crisis that is crippling to their societies. We must expand our horizons in order to save the place in which we live: Earth. If we are able to harness energies that are extraterrestrial, we may be able to break through into an entirely new era of technology. We have expanded outward as far as we can; it is time to expand upward into the universe. Dark matter and dark energy both make up a combined ninety-five percent of our entire universe. These are hypothesized materials that have been seen but not proven on a physical scale; however, they are literally holding

Although scientists still don’t know what exactly dark matter is, they can confirm that it is affecting the shape and structure of galaxies in the universe. Observations of luminous matter in the universe show that it clumps together to form galaxies. However, there isn’t enough luminous matter to gravitationally keep itself together. This is how scientists confirm dark matter exists, by seeing how it keeps regular matter together through gravity (Basulto). Currently, physicists know that galaxies form around dark matter halos. When dark matter was created at the beginning of the universe, it is thought to have clumped together pretty easily. Reddick suggests, “Galaxies form in the gravitational potential wells of dark matter halos, and our modern understanding

Overall, even though normal matter has been studied by ancient and modern scientists and philosophers, it was found that it represents only the smallest ratio of the universe. Meanwhile, the concept of the largest ratio, Dark matter and dark energy, were not introduced until the 20th century because they were invincible, hard to detect and only their effects can be seen using indirect methods. Dark matter and dark energy are similar in the sense that they cannot be observed, hard to detect, and not much is known about them. Dark matter is a matter that have its own mass and interact with gravity keeping the stars and plants in their orbits. While dark energy is an energy that create more space as time pass increasing the distance of galaxies

This has led to new theories such as modified Newtonian dynamics, a modified law of gravity, which tries to explain the gravitational discrepancies seen in the motions of galaxies [7]. However researchers have made measurements of the influence of gravity in our solar system which fits our current understanding of gravity. Consequently the modified gravity law would have to preserve the observed behaviour of gravity in our solar system as well as explain the gravitational discrepancies and no such solution have been found. So dark matter can be considered the most viable solution to this problem as evidence of its gravitational effects is enough to indicate its

Many people have heard of dark matter, however most will admit that they do not have a clear understanding of its existence. To most, dark matter remains a mystery or just a science fiction term. Dark matter is a matter—simply meaning that it has mass. Many people find it hard to comprehend the term dark matter because it cannot be seen. It is not visible because it does not interact with light (meaning it does not give off light or absorb light). Therefore, if we cannot see it, how can we believe that it exist. Experiments and observations have been conducted to build evidence that dark matter exists. The information and explanations gathered present convincing evidence for dark matter. This evidence is found within the speed of galaxy

Astrophysicists can even infer how much dark matter exists by studying the cosmic microwave background. This is relic radiation dating back to when the Universe was barely 380,000 years old. This fossil light has been travelling around for more than 13 billion years and now reaches us coming from all and no direction in particular.

In 1964, a British theoretical physicist by the name of Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh took some ideas and theories that were floating around at the time, added an insight or two of his own, and came up with the idea that there was an energy field that permeated the entire universe and its associated particle – the Higgs boson. The field he proposed extends throughout the universe, and interacts with matter particles in such a way as to give them mass.

“Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter particle that does not reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation. The existence of dark matter is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies”(Andrew Zimmerman Jones). Dark matter is crucial to the study of the universe and the existence of the human race. Since either dark matter or dark energy have neither been actually observed and all theories, we will be evaluating them from scientific standpoint. Since most of the light in the universe is not seen or can be seen because of the existence of dark matter, no one can really tell what exactly it is. This is why “dark matter” is the generic term used to describe the part of the universe in which light is neither absorbed nor reflected. Through the evaluated articles, we can deduce that the theory was first proposed by Astronomer Jon Oort in 1932 and further examined in 1933 by Fritz Zwicky. While studying, he made note of a large portion of “missing mass” within the galaxy. Jan Oort was studying the matter in the galaxy and noticed that there has to be more mass then that could be seen but figured that he made an error. Astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky made a similar observation when using mathematical equations to calculate the mass of the universe and noticed that there was evidence of invisible matter. Both men basically theorized that there is something in the universe thats invisible and abundant that provided enough gravity to hold