Research Paper On Eysenck

Hans Eysenck, a psychologist well known in the field of personality based his trait theory on biological explanations; whereby he believed genetic and biological factors were significant elements of personality (Eysenck 1990). Eysenck also held the view that an individual’s personality traits, or what he referred to as ‘temperament’ was an exact result of one’s genetic make-up (Chamorro-Premuzic & Furnham, 2005). Eysenck encompassed the idea that there was a need to highlight the significant dimensions of personality, create a way in which they could be measured and then link them with experimental procedures. Subsequently, Eysenck developed a model of personality based on a theoretical and statistical approach to the classification of traits. This is

The five-factor model is a common ground between Raymond Cattell’s 16 personality factor and Hans Eysenck’s three-factor theory. The five-factor model was designed by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa. The five-factor model consist of five different main personality traits known as the big five. Personality is fundamental traits, or characteristic behaviors and conscious motives. The five personality traits are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and neuroticism. These are also known as OCEAN. These traits are used to predict individual’s attitude and behavior. Each factor characterizes the level between two extremes. Openness is creativity, intelligence, perceptive, flexibility, imaginative, the and the ability to try new things (Fuhrman, 2015). Conscientiousness is to be future oriented, organized, and goal driven. Extraversion is warmness fun-loving, sociable, affectionate, and optimistic emotionality. Agreeableness is nurturing, emotionally supportive, and trustworthy. Neuroticism is commonly characterized by stress, anxiety, and depression as well as secure, calm and self-satisfied. Researchers believe that environmental and biological factors can influence individual’s personality. These traits are stable but can change over time. People become more conscientiousness and agreeable as they get older, and less neurotic, open, and extraverted. The outcome of clinical studies and research settings can be guessed using these five personality traits (Ilie,

Research also shows indicates that the Big Five has distinct biological substrates thereby linking trait perspective with the biological perspective (DeYoung, Quilty & Peterson, 2007). However this convergence of perspectives is actually productive in that all perspectives by themselves have their disadvantages as well as their advantages. If all perspectives can coincide with one another, explanations of personality will become so much easier.

The big five is a theory of 5 domains of personality, which dates back to approximately 1884. The five domains relate to the ideas of openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability and extraversion. Openness, which is mainly in regard to experience, can be defined as breadth, depth, originality, and complexity of an individuals’ mental and experiential life. Conscientiousness is goal-orientated approaches, with impulse control in order to facilitate

The five-factor model (FFM) is a contemporary construct describing personality. It incorporates five traits – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism also referred to as OCEAN. Within each dimension, there are specific personality attributes, for example, openness includes subcategories of feelings and actions. The FFM was influenced by Cattell’s 16-factor model (1957) and shares traits with many other personality theories such as Eysenck’s PEN model. There has been an ongoing debate discussing how many factors appropriately represent the brain structure of personality, suggestions have varied from 2-7, recently Almagor et al. (1995) advocated that a 7-factor model unfolds when evaluative traits are involved. Costa & Mcrae (1992) claim that the FFM is the best theory of personality, however, the model has received much criticism. Through examining different aspects of the model its credibility can be explored.

I found the test results of the Big Five personality assessment to be an interesting and very accurate description of myself. After completing this assessment, I was able to analyze my personality in depth. I found this information to be helpful knowledge and provide insight about myself, as well as being crucial in examining my personality traits. The big five is also referred to the OCEAN model of personality, and stands for the main traits used to describe personalities. This acronym stands for openness to experience/intellect, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. After taking the test I was then given percentile scores that allowed me to compare myself with other people who have taken the test online as well, therefore making it a more meaningful comparison.

Costs & McCrae, (1995) supported the development that each of the Five Factor Model (FFM) further split into six facets, (Widiger & Costa, 2012). The five factor model and their six facets are explained as: “Extraversion (E) – gregariousness, sociability, affiliation, dominance, boldness and forcefulness, Agreeableness (A) - generous, cooperative, altruistic and warm, Conscientiousness (C) – responsible, efficiency, dependability, carefulness and organization, Neuroticism (low ES) – anxiousness, insecurity, indecisiveness and being tense /Emotional Stability (ES) - self-reliant and stable and Openness to Experience (O) – imaginative, unconventional, curious, original and independent minded” (Ehrhart et. al., 2008) allowing the five factor model to be effective in developing cross-cultural questionnaires (Costs & McCrae, 1995).

Trait theory is one of the most critically debated fields of personality studies. Many psychologists have theorised using the trait theory approach to personality, which promotes the difference between individuals. Hans Eysenck developed a model of personality based on 3 set traits. Unlike other theories, Eysenck only used 3 universal traits to describe an individual’s personality, they are:

Personality is defined as a relatively stable set of characteristics that influence an individual’s behavior. Both heredity and environmental forces shape personality.

Personality may be based on many factors. It may be based on innate or learned experience, or latent or manifest. But, the focus of this essay will be whether a person's personality is based on the magnitude of genetic or an environmental influence. Personality can be divided into two categories, innate or acquired characteristics. Heritability is a statistical measure that expresses the proportion of the observed variability in a trait that is a direct result of genetic variability. Environmental influences can be divided into two classes, shared and non-shared environment. Both heredity and environment contribute to personality traits and that the degree of their individual contributions cannot be specified for any traits. Although a person's environment plays an important part in their personality development, heredity factors play a larger role in deciding disposition of this

The main idea behind Eysenck's model is that differences in individuals' genomes (DNA) create a different level of arousal and sensitivity to stimulation. These differences in genetics and levels of arousal and sensitivity lead to differences in the three primary dimensions of personality: psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism (P-E-N). Personality differences in dimensions, in turn, lead to differences in learning, conditioning, perception, and memory. These cognitive-perceptual-learning differences lead to differences in social behaviors such as sociability, criminality, sexual behavior, and creativity. The evidence supports the connection between the central nervous system arousal, personality traits, and especially extraversion–introversion. Cortical arousal refers to how active the brain is at a

According to Steffans personality blog, The Big Five Theory relies on five major factors . These factors are Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness , Openness and Conscientiousness. This theory

In psychology, the Big Five personality traits are five broad domains or dimensions of personality that are used to describe human personality. The theory based on the Big Five factors is called the Five Factor Model (FFM)[1] The Big Five factors are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Many internal and external components collide in order to create individual personalities, behaviors unique to every individual person. The argument of genetic makeup versus environmental influences, however, has researchers working to determine what really defines us. Some say genotypes control the way people think,how they feel, and the ways in which they behave. Others choose to believe that the environment alone in itself is ultimately the determinant for making each individual human into who they are.

The Five Factor Model or Big Five model developed by McCrae and Costa factor together personality traits into 5 major categories. Those factors were Neuroticism (worried insecure, nervous, highly strung), Extraversion (Sociable, talkative, fun-loving, affectionate), Openness (Original, independent, creative, daring), Agreeableness (Good-natured, softhearted, trusting, courteous), and Conscientiousness (Careful, reliable, hardworking, organized). (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). They are able to include most of other lower order traits accounting for specific dimensions of individual differences in personality. (Schultz & Schultz, 2013)