Research Paper On Hans Selye

In the 1970’s, doctors were receiving patients who were having odd symptoms. The symptoms were swollen knees, paralysis, skin rashes, headaches, and severe chronic fatigue (“History of Lyme Disease”). In the 1980’s a doctor named Willy Burgdorfer was

Mr. Gawande starts his literature on washing hands. He introduces two friends a microbiologist and an infectious disease specialist. Both work hard and diligently against the spread of diseases just like Semmelweis who is mentioned in the chapter. Something I learned, that not many realize, is that each year two million people acquire an infection while they are in the hospital. Mainly because the clinicians only wash their hands one-third to one-half as many times as they should. Semmelweis, mentioned earlier, concluded in 1847 that doctors themselves were to blame for childbed fever, which was the leading cause of

Lincoln Chafee was born in Providence, Rhode Island on March 26, 1953. The Chaffee family was among the earliest settlers of Hingham, Massachusetts. He attended the Montana State University horseshoeing school in Bozeman. Before Chafee became a democratic he was a Republican. His religious background is Episcopalian. Lincoln Chafee is also

Ethan meets Zeena when she serves as a nurse to his dying mother. Though he does not know her very well, Ethan decides to propose to her, out of the fear of loneliness and desperation, caused by the effects of an undesired life in Starkfield. At first, Zeena and Ethan seem happy, but eventually, Zeena develops into a harsh woman. Ethan does nothing but complain about her. She does not want to move to the city, since she has no hope of being the center-of-attention there. So, Ethan has no choice, but to stay in Starkfield and make a living off of the mostly fruitless farm. In addidtion, whenever Ethan is around Mattie, the setting (weather) is “clear as a crystal.”(Wharton 49). Whenever he is around Zeena, it is nasty and stormy.

Although most disease struck the poorest, the upper class was not fully immune. Because people wanted to move to cities to make their lives better, they were forced to live around these diseases without proper means for prevention, protection, and recovery. Once contracting the disease, they would either die within hours or suffer from uncontrollable diarrhea and pain. In addition, scientific knowledge on disease was not as developed as it fortunately is today. Doctors had not yet learned the concept of a germ theory and instead associated the disease with the “bad air” that surrounded toxic, polluted cities. This “bad air” was known as miasa and was incorrectly used to explain the spread of cholera in major cities during the mid 1800s. After studies and research, doctors noticed that there was a heavy concentration of miasmata near certain rivers, but they still connected it to a lack of air quality in bustling cities such as Manchester, London, and Paris. Although air pollution and coal emissions did play a role in certain illnesses, they were not the main cause for diseases such as cholera. Poor ventilation, dirty homes, malnourishment, and no access to clean water made people easily susceptible to a ruthless disease like cholera. Moreover, causes of cholera were investigated more thoroughly after John Snow’s theory claimed that cholera was spread through the water John Snow was an English physician who is today considered one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, the branch of medicine that deals with the distribution and control of diseases relating to health. Finally, doctors could see cholera in a new light and were able to find better means of protection and prevention for its victims. Today, doctors recognize the germ theory of disease which states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms, and not just by “bad

While others, were only effected by direct contact. It was thought to have been sustainable by even touching clothing or other such items of the infected. Conditions of the fourteenth century were also a contributing factor. Famine had been an arising issue due to the number of overpopulation. Because of this, their immune systems began to weaken. “Europeans were susceptible to disease because many people lived in crowded surroundings in an era when personal hygiene was not considered important” (Dowling). The cities were unsanitary and littered with germs, making it easier to sustain such diseases. Unhealthy habits were conducted and medical advances had not yet been made. Doctors themselves had not known what to advise. No prescriptions had worked. There was no cure to what was happening. Most were not even aware of what was impending upon them. Anything that could would be tried, in hopes of living. People were becoming desperate.

In a controlled experiment he found that having obstetricians wash their hands in a chlorinated-lime solution dropped maternal mortality from 10% to below 1%. He, too, was derided by the medical establishment and, for him personally, the result was tragic. Semmelweis lost his hospital position, was forced to move from Vienna to Budapest and when he wrote angry letters accusing European obstetricians of being irresponsible murderers, he was said to be insane (even his wife agreed.) No doubt he was unbalanced to a degree and in 1865 the forty-seven year old physician was forcibly committed to an asylum. He died there two weeks later, possibly as a result of injuries sustained when beaten by guards, and it wasn’t for nearly another three decades as a result of Pasteur’s work that Ignatz Semmelweis’s findings gained acceptance. In our time, reference sometimes is made to a so-called “Semmelweis Reflex” or “Semmelweiss Effect” which refers to a tendency to automatically reject new knowledge that contradicts established beliefs – in effect, “zombie

Dr. John Snow was known as an intelligent physician who had a background with anesthesia advancements. He believed that cholera was a waterborne disease and that it was contaminated by the sewage. Snow’s goal was to convince others about the issue and stop it from spreading. His theory about the intestinal disease, in which was published in 1849 in an article, was laughed at and many doctors believed that his idea was “wrong” and they continued to believe that it was airborne. He wanted to prove many wrong and begin to further research and experiment the disease.

The publics idea of health has evolved over the decades, similar to fashion in that it is continuously morphing and even trends have resurrected with new twists. Recent developments have seen widespread awareness of the importance of regular exercise and many benefits of a balanced diet. Yet despite the plethora of health and fitness methods and resources, the general population has never been so physically sedentary and out of shape. According to the national center for health statistics, America life expectancy has declined despite advances in the fitness industry, concerns over secondary conditions such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes has created an urgency of public health officials as they try to mandate new strategies to fight this national epidemic.

During 1977 in Copen hang, a lady died after being diagnosed with pneumocystis pneumonia shortly after her immune system failed her with no signs before doing so. However, in Paris during 1978 a man was diagnosed with pneumocystis pneumonia, he showed symptoms of fungus in his mouth, warts on his hands and legs, and a toxoplasmosis cat disease that was eating away his brain. After this outrageous outbreak of pneumocystis pneumonia, doctors in Paris came to the conclusion that they should look more into this since people don’t usually die from this illness. This was an important moment because doctors should have been more attentive to patients who were being diagnosed with the pneumocystis pneumonia. This was the start of a coactive enterprise. Doctors wanted their patients to be more than just victims who were all

Pieter Brueghel was a Netherland painter whose paintings focused on humans and nature. Many of his paintings were scenes of humans, generally peasants, living life, with back dropped by beautifully detailed landscapes. Pieter was not just an extremely talented artist; his perception of humans and their environment was an amazing contribution to all art, but especially landscape painting. His painting The Harvesters is an example of his supreme skill, and shows how much his work impacted landscapes. Four contributions that can be seen in this painting are:

The use of figurative language and dialogue help make a very good central theme. The central theme of a passage or novel is very important.”Figurative language is saying something other than what is literally meant for effect.” “Figurative devices are metaphor, simile, symbol, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litotes, personification, apostrophe, verbal irony/sarcasm, and there are more.” Imagery is language that appeals to the five senses.

Disease is regarded as a failure within the body that changes it from its usual healthy self. In keeping with the germ theory the disease can be identified as a micro-organism and the cause of the disease isolated then treated to restore the body to full health. This technological imperative places great emphasis on surgical procedures and pharmacological

The public policy I have selected is criminal justice. The criminal Justice system is a compilation of federal, state or local agencies that concern issues dealing with crime. This public policy is provided by the judicial, executive and legislative branches of government. The task of the criminal justice system is to figure out the truth, defend the innocent and even to make the guilty parties punishment not as harsh as it is originally said to be (cliffnots). And most of to provide justice.

Beaver (2008) surgical patients commonly developed postoperative fever followed by purulent drainage from their incision, sepsis and often death. The introduction of the principles of antisepsis by Lister and acceptance of Pasteur's germ theory has led to decrease infection rates. The rationale behind it is the fact that this theory increasingly change the surgery from activity associated with infection and death