Research Paper On Influenza Pandemic

First of all, the name “Influenza” is derived from the Latin word for “influence”, and it is an infectious disease that is caused by the RNA viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae family:

According to the CDC there was a breakout in “1918-19 Flu pandemic, which killed as many as 50 million people worldwide”causing the biggest breakout for Influenza (Reconstruction of 1918 Influenza Pandemic Virus). Influenza originated from Asia and the Middle East. Virtually all mammalian species have influenza. Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the Influenza virus. There are three types of Influenza: type A, type B, and type C. Influenza has numerous symptoms, vaccinations, and is unlikely to kill it’s host.

The first reported case of the 1918 flu was at Camp Funston in Kansas on March 4 1918. This was the first wave and it spread from America to Europe in April and it was in Spain and Portugal by May. Even though it spread so quickly, the disease was fairly innocuous at this point. This is a quote from Purple Death that reports the

The first alternative, to such a policy includes immediate dismissal of any staff that refuse to comply regardless of being directed that it is a requirement (Brady, 2013). According to Brady et al. (2013), policies that dismiss staff who do not comply usually have higher rates of compliance. The second alternative, includes work restrictions for the unvaccinated workers during Influenza season and an overall increase in insurance premiums (Vaughan & Arsneault, 2014). This option would deter the spread of the virus in the infected to the uninfected because of the limited point of exposures to the source. The unvaccinated healthcare worker would therefore, be subjected to working fewer hours and face higher

A person with influenza could have a fever of 102-104 degrees fahrenheit, experience fatigue, and have joint and muscle pains with a throbbing headache ("Fighting Influenza"). Additionally, they would lose their appetite, which resulted in a deficiency of nutrients in those with the virus. Furthermore, the flu affected the respiratory system causing nasal congestion, a runny nose, and continual coughing. Inflammation of the bronchi and alveoli caused damage to the person’s lungs. Also, massive swelling, bleeding and near-complete destruction of the surface cell layer of the lungs and spleens could occur. A telltale marker of the Spanish flu is that a person’s eyes become bloodshot, incessant vomiting and diarrhea. All these symptoms varied on the person’s immunity to the virus ("The Symptoms of Spanish

Describe two innate (nonspecific) immune responses that might prevent an influenza virus from causing any noticeable infection, even if the virus enters your respiratory passages.

Every year, many people get influenza all over the world and sometime this disease causes death. Medical care has been improved, but it is difficult to prevent influenza. People get it easily. According to Mortada, during the ful season of 2012 to 2013, the disease has caused 111 deaths (Mortada, 16). We have to prevent ourselves from the disease as much as we can. Otherwise, it would be infect to other people 　including family, friends, classmates, coworkers, and more. To prevent influenza, we must have strong immune system and get vaccinations that are suited for each person.

Influenza strikes this country in pandemic proportions every year. Although there are many factors contributing to morbidity and mortality, the mortality rate varies from year to year. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the thirty year range from 1976 to 2006, saw death rates from a low of 3000 to a high of 49000 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). So far this season, there have been 3697 deaths from influenza related illness (CDC, 2016). In 2009, the virulent H1N1 strain, with a 20% risk of death, also brought the difficulties of lack of research based clinical evidence for treatments (Cook, et al., 2010). The lack of research conducted during pandemics stems from the delay caused by the often

Throughout history, plagues have been feared and dreaded. As we have had scientific advancements and we attempt to control the impact of viruses on humanity we find that they continue to evolve with us. We are constantly trying to stay ahead of the next illness. The Center for Disease Control states that, “an epidemic refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area” (Lesson 1). An epidemic turns into a pandemic when the epidemic travels into several different countries, usually impacting a larger number of people (Lesson 1). Epidemics have always been around, but now with vaccines people tend to not worry about them. As a country we need to make sure people

In 1918 and in 2009, influenza pandemics struck worldwide. It is estimated that the 1918 pandemic killed over fifty million people. The flu pandemic of 1918 to 1919, was the deadliest in the modern history. A flu is a virus that attacks the respiratory system which is very contagious. When an infected person coughs and sneezes respiratory droplets are generated and transmitted into the air, and can then can be inhaled by anyone nearby.

The virus is now travelling inside a sac made from your cell 's membrane. The virus’s genetic material enters the nucleus, and the virus is cloned. Now thousands even millions of new virus’ are in now your body, and taking over

Influenza (flu) is an acute, contagious and fast-spreading respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus. Virus spread through the contact between persons, contact with contaminated items or the droplets in the air. Typical symptoms are high fever, chills, body aches, significant fatigue and mild respiratory infection. There is a high incidence of infection in autumn and winter, complications and mortality are very serious. This influenza viral disease can be classified into three types, A, B and C which cause the annual influenza epidemics that have up to 20% of the population sniffling, aching, coughing, and running high fevers. This disease is self-limiting, but serious complications such as pneumonia in infants, children, elderly

The three worldwide pandemic outbreaks of influenza during the 20th century occurred in 1918, 1957, and 1968. These pandemics were named according to where they thought the strands originated. However, the Spanish flu of 1918 was so-named because it was Spain that officially declared there was a pandemic outbreak. It likely began in the United States. Many diseases come and go so to speak, but influenza has been around for many years. Although influenza often preys on the young, old, or weak, new strains come along and all people become vulnerable.

The virus infection is initiated by binding of the virus to sialic acid host cell-surface receptors, and the entry of pathogen is mediated by receptor mediated endocytosis. The next step involves the fusion of viral envelope and the host cell membrane.

A group of scientists studying the scenario gave us more information on what happened next. They say that from the mouth, the virus must have gotten into the bloodstream. Prior to the virus’s entrance into the bloodstream, it attached itself to cells. The virus took over the host cell 's enzymes and switched them out with the viral enzymes. Next, the virus needed to reproduce. It did this by making copies