Research Paper On Myasthenia Gravis

Epidemiology has been defined as ‘The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease-related conditions in populations. It is concerned with epidemic (excess of normal expectancy) and endemic (always present) conditions. The basic premise

Autosomal dominant LGMD occur less often than recessive dominant LGMD. In the metabolism myotilin gene mutations occur, it may be due to a deficiency of vitamin B12, vitamin E, folate or exposures to nitrous oxide. LGMD 1A disease normally occurs from the age 42 to 77, and develops in the same areas (hip, shoulder and back) however, it could spread to the leg muscles. Due to the fact that myotilin gene is mutated, it causes focal myofibrillar destruction to occur, and this results in intracytoplasmic deposits to float around in the blood stream. In one case study done in Barcelona in 2011, there were 13 patients who were all diagnosed with myotilin gene mutation disease. The results showed that the deposits of myofibrillar became immune to myotilin and cluster up the vacuoles and interfere with the Z-lines. Overall the study revealed that each patient shared the same phenotypic characteristics, LGMD 1A and myofibrillar myopathy variations which emphasizes that LGMD is a developing neuromuscular disorder (Montse,

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular system part of the body. Chronic means persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Autoimmune disorder is the confusion of the body’s immune system. The immune system form antibodies that mistakenly identify healthy tissue as foreign and then, the antibodies will attack and/or destroy healthy body tissue. Neuromuscular is the nervous system relationship with the muscles bring about body movement.

Myasthenia gravis [MG] is a rare, autoimmune neuromuscular disorder. The incidence rates has been reported as 2-7/10000 in central and western Virginia ( Thanvi ,2004).The onset of [MG] is depends on age and gender .In patients younger than 40 years, women are more susceptible than man to [MG],with a ratio of 7:3 :Above the age 50 [MG] are slightly more common in men with a ratio 3:2.Myasthenia gravis are very rare in children.Juvinile [MG] is an autoimmune disorder ,while congenital [MG] results from genetic mutations that impair neuromuscular transmission. It has been suggested that incidence of [MG] falls after 70 years of age. A recent study using AChR antibody as a diagnostic

The type of epidemiology used for this topic is descriptive because, as Stanhope (2012) stated, “Epidemiologists investigate the distribution or patterns of health events in populations in order to characterize health outcomes in terms of what, who, where, when, how, and why: What is the outcome? Who is affected? Where are they? When do events occur? This focus is called descriptive epidemiology, because it seeks to describe the occurrence of a disease in terms of person, place, and time” (p. 282). This type of epidemiology is used to determine the extent of diabetes and how the rapidly growing population of Mexican-Americans will impact the economy and the future of healthcare. The person includes the risk factors, education, occupation, ethnicity, diet and exercise. The place is where the population is, the density, economic development along with nutritional, and medical practices. Time is, since the event took place, age, and cycles or trends that might affect the disease process.

Myotonic Dystrophy is the most common form of muscular dystrophy. It is a chronic, multi-system disorder that is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness. Symptoms include; myotonia (prolonged muscle contractions), the inability to relax certain muscles after use, slurred speech, temporary locking of jaw, cataracts, abnormalities of the electrical signals that control the heartbeat, and early balding and infertility in men. There are two major types of myotonic dystrophy, type 1 and type 2. Many of the symptoms are overlapping, the only differences are type 1 is generally more severe than type 2 and type 1 affects the lower legs, hands, neck and face. Whereas, type 2 affects the neck, shoulders, elbows, and hips. Myotonic dystrophy

The coexistence of the uncommon disease known as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy or DMD, has come to the attention of many and has manifested within this document to generalize the history, impact, and significance of the disease. The history of DMD stemmed from the progressive muscular dystrophy of two 10-year-old boys names Conte and Gonji in 1836. Since this becoming the first historical account of such a disease, many doctors and specialists speculated a more catastrophic form of tuberculosis; when revisited by scientists it was concluded that they suffered from the milder Becker MD. In 1852, Meryon reported in striking points of interest a family with four young men, every one of whom were influenced by huge muscle changes, however had no

Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy, abbreviated MMD, is a disease that affects the muscles and organs of a body. To break Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy down, the word myotonic is the adjective for myotonia, which is an inability to relax muscles at will. Muscular dystrophy means the gradual muscle degeneration, which weakens and shrinks muscle tissue. Knowing the breakdown of MMD, this disease summed up means a person is restricted to relax their muscles at their own will whenever they would like ("Overview Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy"). MMD is also known as "Steinert Disease", which was named after a German doctor who first described the disorder in 1909 ("Facts About Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy").

Myasthenia Gravis is a weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control. This disease is caused by an interruption in communication between nerves and muscles at the neuromuscular junction; this is the place where nerve cells connect with the muscles they control. The muscle weakness increases through periods of activity and then improves during rest. For example, muscles that control eye and eyelid movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing, these are the most often muscles affected. Other muscles that can be affected are muscles that control breathing and neck and limb movement can be affected. Symptoms include, difficulty swallowing, double vision, unsteady walk, weakness in arm and leg muscles, and difficulties

It is estimated that 1 in 8,000 people worldwide develop the disease known as DM-Myotonica (GHR). DM-Myotonica is an inherited disease that causes an abnormal DNA expansion, which in turn creates an over abundance of certain types of genes, and ultimately disrupts the integrity of normal muscle function within in several parts of the body (MDA). The meaning of the name of the disease bears roots in Greek medicine, specifically the abbreviation DM, standing for dystrophia myotonica; the term dystrophy means bad nutrition and myotonic refers to tonic muscle spasms, or the inability of the muscles to relax (MDA 2015). There are two types of DM-myotonica which are named MMD1 and MMD2. MMD1 is the more prominent of the two, but both result in abnormal

Myasthenia Gravis(MG) is an auto immune disorder characterized by sudden dysarthria, which affects muscles that help produce speech, causing difficultly to pronounce words. But other symptoms include, droopy eye lids, muscle weakness and difficulty swallowing. Because of the sudden dysarthria, many elderly people are being misdiagnosed for possible strokes. Due to the great extent of the misdiagnoses of MG, researchers did a study presenting four subjects that had been presented to the ER with history of hypertension and sudden onset dysarthria. After considering the patients in each study, researchers found that all patients were initially misdiagnosed and treated for strokes, therefore prolonging the correct diagnose of MG and the correct form of treatment for these patients. Once each patient

Myasthenia gravis is a disease that affects voluntary muscles of the body; it causes the weakening of the muscles. In this essay we will talk about how to treat myasthenia gravis, the symptoms and causes

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is considered to be a very rare disorder. It is an autoimmune neuromuscular junction disease which in most cases occurs as a painless, massively fatigable weakness; targeting certain muscle groups. Some of the initial presentations of myasthenia gravis include the ocular weakness with binocular diplopia consecutively, along with asymmetric ptosis. Limb weakness is rare initially. Therefore, patients who experience ocular weakness as an initial symptom, usually do not develop the limb weakness until approximately three years later. Therefore, a primary care doctor must be strictly observant so as to find out the presence of myasthenia gravis. When the T cells-dependent immunologic react or attack the endplate area of the

A normal human adult contains about 25 mEq/kg magnesium. Normal magnesium concentration is 1.7-2.1 mg/dl (0.7-0.9 mmol/l or 1.4-1.7 mEq/l). A level below this range is known as hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs primarily as a result of insufficient dietary magnesium intake or of increased gastrointestinal and renal losses of magnesium (Manu et al., 2015). Severe magnesium deficiency results in varied manifestations ranging from ECG changes such as cardiac arrhythmias, neuromuscular abnormalities such as tetany and convulsions, and defects in hormonal homeostasis and electrolyte (Aggarwal et al., 2013). Symptomatic hypomagnesemia is often associated with acid-base and other electrolyte disorders such as metabolic alkalosis, hypocalcemia

Magnesium influences the membrane potentials of neurons, keeping the resting potential further from threshold, so that the neurons requiring a larger amount of stimuli to send signals from neuron to neuron and result in muscle contractions and extensions. When magnesium is not within the proper range in the body, the resting potential of the neurons remain closer to threshold, so less stimuli is required to move the action potential down the neurons and cause the contraction of muscles. This is a major problem associated with grass tetany (Fentenot et al, 1988).