Research Paper On Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Leukemia is a cancer of blood cells, specifically white blood cells that are responsible for fighting infection. However, the abnormal cells in leukemia do not function in the same way as normal white blood cells. Leukemia cells continue to grow and divide, eventually crowding out normal blood cells. The end result is that it becomes difficult for the body to fight infections, control bleeding and transport oxygen (Medicine Net, 2015). It is estimated that each year, approximately 30,800 individuals will be diagnosed with leukemia in the United

The symptoms of leukemia come in painful long durations. Such as fever and night sweats. Or even bruising and bleeding, bone or joint pain, swollen or painful belly from enlarged spleen, feeling very tired or weak, losing weight or not hungry. The other common symptom that is frequent is the throwing up of blood. These symptoms last the entire time unless your treatments work and subside. Treatments come in different forms. Like consolidation, maintence, or inductions. The most popular treatment would be chemotherapy. The other two treatments are radiation therapy, and if your leukemia gets worse they will perform stem cell transplant on you.

People who have Myelodysplastic Syndrome may not experience symptoms at the beginning of the disease. However, there are three main signs that can develop and alert healthcare providers that something is wrong. One of these is a low red blood cell count, or Anemia. Most patients that have myelodysplastic syndromes exhibit this indicator when first diagnosed. A normal red blood count can vary between 4.0 and 6.1 million red blood cells per microliter of blood in the body, depending on the age and sex of the patient. A red blood cell count lower than normal is characteristic of Anemia (Cafasso, Jacquelyn, and Gotter). Not only is Anemia shown by constantly low hematocrit, but it can also be characterized by constantly low hemoglobin. A normal hemoglobin count is between 12.0 and 15.5 grams per deciliter of blood for females, and 13.5 to 17.5 grams per deciliter of blood for males. Levels lower than these show a low hemoglobin level (Mayo Clinic, Hemoglobin Test). Hemoglobin is the protein in blood that carries oxygen to the different tissues in the body.

Mr. Jacobs is a very pleasant, 69-year-old gentleman who presents to the oncology clinic for evaluation and treatment of a myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts in transformation RAEB-2. Patient states he was in a normal state of health until 01/2017 when he was evaluated to have anemia and leukopenia. He was referred to a hematologist/oncologist and underwent a bone marrow biopsy. The results revealed a mild dysplastic syndrome with excess blasts in transformation RAEB-2. Flow cytometry showed 11% myeloblasts. He was subsequently given one unit of packed red blood cells and started on erythropoietin every three weeks

What is cancer? This is an important question that will help people to understand the severity of this affliction. Cancer occurs from abnormal cell growth in the human body. When this happens tumors may form. Tumors are a mass of cells that continue to expand. These tumors may be benign. This means they will not spread through the body. Though, the tumors may be malignant which means they may spread to other areas of the body in an invasive manner. These malignant tumors have the potential to cause serious complications and even death. It is these tumors that are cancerous.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders that occur when there is a disruption in the bone marrow’s ability to produce healthy blood cells. It is a rare condition that most often affects older adults. In some cases, there is a chance that MDS could eventually progress to leukemia. For that reason, it is sometimes called preleukemia. Some forms of the disorder have no obvious cause, while others appear as a response to chemical exposure or cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In addition, subjection to heavy metals increases the risk of experiencing MDS.

The exact the cause of multiple myeloma is unknown, but studies have been conducted to suggest risk factors that aid in its development. Research shows certain risk factors such as exposure to herbicides, insecticides, benzene, hair dyes, and radiation, but there is no exact evidence. Other research has suggested that certain occupations can prompt multiple myeloma. Occupations that have exposure to specific chemicals or radiation such as agricultural occupations , petroleum workers, workers in leather

There is no cure for these syndromes. Treatment will first focus on treating whatever cancer you have. Then, treatment will focus on helping your immune system lower its response to the tumor. This may be done with:

Myelodysplastic disorders (MDS) are conditions that happen when the blood-forming cells within the bone marrow are harmed. This harm prompts low quantities of one or more sorts of platelets. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of diseases of the blood characterized by a defect in the bone marrow that produces abnormally or insufficient blood red, blood cells white and platelets. MDS is also called pre-leukemia because, over time, can develop into leukemia become acute and should not be confused with Myeloproliferative syndromes.

Low blood counts are a key feature of myelodysplastic syndrome which is the reason for the many symptoms these patients experience. The three types of cytopenia that people with Myelodysplastic Syndrome experience are anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia which are all low blood cell counts of the three blood cells. Cytopenias can cause anemia, the inability to fight off infections, easy bruising, and spontaneous bleeding. This can be due to the lack of blood cells in the blood stream, but also from dysplasia of the blood cells from the disease. If the cell is deformed, it may not be able to provide the same function as a healthy cell, resulting in the same effect as having cytopenia. Myelodysplastic syndrome is a gradual process and is

Multiple myeloma is a haematological malignancy characterised by the suppression of osteoblastogenesis and the inability to form bone8. The inhibition of the Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) which is a key transcription factor responsible for osteoblast differentiation is largely implicated in multiple myeloma4. Runx2 stimulates the generation of the bone formation markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN) and collagen during early osteoblast differentiation9,10. Transgenic mice without the Runx2 gene exhibit a lack of osteoblast formation causing the arrest of both endochondral and intramembranous ossification11. The upregulation of bone resorption and a decrease in bone mass is a common feature of multiple myeloma, presenting clinically as lytic bone lesions12.

Myelodysplastic Syndromes, also known as MDS are a family of rare blood disorders in which the bone marrow fails to make enough healthy red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Instead it produces undeveloped or immature cells that die in the bone marrow or die just after entering the blood stream; they also have an abnormal shape, size and or look. Some types have no known cause. Others occur in response to cancer treatments or chemical exposure. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, easy bruising, and paleness. Myelodysplastic syndrome may lead to leukemia; transfusions and medications help manage symptoms. Medications or bone marrow transplants may lessen transfusion needs and slow or prevent progression to leukemia; As a result, blood counts are usually low in people with MDS. As the number of healthy cells declines in a

Rationale: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is not something that is common throughout my family, but since most of our medical conditions were commonalities with the rest of the United States population, I took a particular interest in this unusual condition. My paternal grandfather – a farmer and a military veteran – was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia in 1996 at the age of 72, which was his cause of death in 1999. Several years prior to this he was diagnosed with what was once referred to as “pre-leukemia”, or myelodysplastic syndrome. Being a somewhat uncommon condition, only about 13,000 new cases appear in the United States each year, and this number is growing as the overall age of the population increases (American Cancer Society, 2015). Fortunately, I was young enough to not notice his health slowly deteriorate, as quality of life generally does with cancerous conditions. However, in my lifetime I have had several friends’ family members die of cancer and I have seen its debilitating effects. It is important for me to understand the causes and effects of this condition, and to what extent familial as well as environmental factors have on developing the disease.

     Another option is Bone Marrow Transplantation. In many cases of acute leukemia and cml, doctors give high doses of chemotherapy and radiation, when indicated to destroy all of the patient’s bone marrow, since it is not functioning correctly. Then they give the patient healthy bone marrow from the donor, whose tissue it the same or almost the same as theirs; ideally an identical twin or a sibling. They also might give bone marrow that was removed from the patient earlier and especially treated to remove any leukemia cells. Patients who have a bone marrow transplant bone marrow begins to produce enough

Picture yourself at a check-up appointment with your oncologist. You are told the chemotherapy is not responding. You feel weaker each day. You cannot see straight, you feel dizzy, and you pray that you will find a match for a bone marrow transplant. This is the reality that AML patients face. AML poses the greatest risk to cancer survivors who develop this disease following treatment for a previous cancer—for these patients, it is the next hurdle in their lives (Cancer Research UK). When chemotherapy does not work and bone marrow transplant matches cannot be found, patients realize that they do not have much time left in this world. New treatments are desperately needed for AML, but many just assume that donating money to the American