Research Paper On Perampanel

Treatment for epilepsy is often focused on controlling the seizures with the least amount of medication as possible. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the class used to accomplish this. Some of the AEDs that are used most often are Clonazepam, Diazepam, Divalproex, Gabapentin, and Phenytoin. The most common side effects of these medications include nausea, vomiting, sedation, fatigue, and lethargy. (Kwan,1; Benbadis, 3-5; Huethers,637)

Seizure disorders, according to the Mayo Clinic (2015), affect approximately 1 in 26 people in the United States. Persistent, or chronic, seizures result from a condition called epilepsy, a neurological disorder of the central nervous system. It can affect anyone regardless of age, but is more common during early childhood and after age 60. Given the number of people that seizure disorders, such as epilepsy, affect, it becomes helpful to gain a foundational understanding of the disease, including some of the causes, symptoms, and treatments available.

With the increase of antidepressants being prescribed in the UK, in 2012, it reached over a half a million prescriptions. Some indications have shown with the increase of antidepressants is a rise in epilepsy/seizures, only a small number of researches have been done on people for “long-term” use. In the UK 1 in 100 people are diagnosed with epilepsy, the disorder is severe

Ting, T; Polli, J; Shangraw/Noxell, R. (2013). Anti-Epileptic Drug Research. Novel research on bioequivalence of brand-name and generic anti-epileptic drugs: Lamictal vs. Lamotrigine. University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC), Baltimore, MD. Retrieved from

Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is a major health concern, constituting up to one third of epilepsies (1). They are determined by genetics and affects people of all sexes and races. Many IGEs are lifelong, and have an onset during childhood or adolescence (1). One drug that is used to treat IGEs is the barbiturate, phenobarbital (2). This medication is one of the oldest available antiepileptics, and is low cost and effective (2). However, there are some serious side effects of the drug which include somnolence, neuralgic pain, hyperactivity, hypotension, respiratory depression and impairment of fine motor skills (3).

Choosing an appropriate antiepileptic drug is the key to successful medical management of epilepsy in children. The choice of antiepileptic drug depends on several factors, of which the most important is accurate seizure classification. The other factors used to choose an appropriate antiepileptic drug include the side effect profile of the drug, The available age- and patient-appropriate preparations of the drug, Whether therapeutic levels are needed quickly or not (depending on the frequency and severity of the patient’s seizures), and the patient’s comorbidities.

There have been many silent killers that have concerned mankind since the dawn of time. It is underestimated and underdiagnosed but it is the most frequently prevalent neurological disorders. Epilepsy and all its forms is as much of a concern today as it was thousands of years ago. Our oldest description that defines the symptoms of epileptic seizures was written two thousand years ago BC (Magiorkinis E1, 2010). Epileptic seizures are the result of excessive and abnormal nerve cell activity in the brain. This puts them at an increased risk of death due to the brains abnormal control of secondary organ systems. The risk increases as people age. Worldwide the overall percentage of epileptic diagnosis encompasses nearly three percent of the population

There is a logical comparison between seizure disorders and bipolar disorder that is thought to explain the effectiveness of anticonvulsants on both disorders. An interesting anticonvulsant effect can be observed with the administration of lomotrigine (trade name Lamictal) which has stabilizing effects for both depressive and manic states while also providing therapeutic effects on depression (Stahl, 2013. p. 373). Many anticonvulsants are much more effective in the treatment of epilepsy but select drugs can be effectively employed to balance the cycling or reduce the intensity and length of

Glutamate receptors (NMDAR and AMPAR) of the postsynaptic membrane are the initial triggers for LTP induction. NMDARs require the binding of glutamate and the co-agonist glycine, as well as depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, to become activated and permeate Na+, K+ and Ca2+. Most of AMPARs contain GluA2 and permeate Na+ and K+. Glutamate binding to the AMPARs causes a Na+ influx into the postsynaptic neuron. This depolarization leads to Mg2+ block releasing from NMDARs. Glutamate binding and the Mg2+ removal opens NMDARs, Ca2+ and Na+ then flow into the postsynaptic neuron. Through repeated activation of the postsynaptic neuron, sufficient Ca2+ comes in and triggers a series of molecular events required for LTP

Seizures occur in the body due to a deviation from normal electrical signaling. There are two different classes of seizures. Generalized “Grand Mal” seizures differ from partial seizures in that they, “constitute 30% of seizures, involve neurons bilaterally, often do not have a local (focal) onset, and usually originate from a subcortical or deeper brain focus” (McCance and Huether, 551). These types of seizures have a wide variety of onsets and affect both brain hemispheres, as opposed to the more fine-tuned, partial (focal) seizures. Partial seizures involve neurons unilaterally, begin in a particular region of the brain (one hemisphere), have a local onset, and can spread throughout the brain. In contrast to generalized seizures, in

The majority of neurons, at least within the central nervous system, contain both AMPA and NMDA receptors. Under normal conditions, the NMDA receptor is blocked by a magnesium ion,

Although there is no cure for epilepsy, there are many different drug treatments can be effective in prevention seizures, including benzodiazepines or barbiturates. However, breakthrough seizures are still possible.1 Due to the unpredictable nature of seizures, epileptic patients often experience a lower quality of life since they cannot drive and cannot work in certain job fields. Furthermore, seizures can also lead to many different types of injuries in epileptic patients, some of which could be fatal, such as choking on the tongue. In the United States alone one in twenty-five people suffer from epilepsy.2

You can neurontin buy from our online pharmacies, where you will be offered the best price tags on the pills and also discounts every time you order from us. The medication is also used for treating all kinds of bipolar behaviors who are violent and having unpredictable personality. It controls hot temperedness and frenzied behavior which is most common in patients suffering from generalized anxiety, social anxiety, OCD and bipolar disorders. The medication is a breakthrough that acts for multiple treatments for neurological problems. The sudden chemical imbalance in the brain causes patient to behave odd and weirdly which he is unaware of, thus this anticonvulsant medication has shown highest number of responses inpatients and have recovered from sudden turbulence caused by their respective ailments. For seizures, the anticonvulsant drug counters with sudden electrical charged impulses that rush into their brain and the central nervous system which causes an experience or feeling of having an electrical shock. And that is why, the person collapses on the ground, their body becomes rigid with twisting of hands and legs uncontrollably, biting of tongue, lips and teeth, rampant out of control movements that may end up for a few minutes. These repeated episodes of convulsions need attention or else the patient tends to get injured by hurting his head or

One of the most important transmitters within the vertebrate nervous system for normal brain function is known to be glutamic acid also known as glutamate. In the mammalian central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) is acknowledged that almost all excitatory neurons are glutamatergic and approximately more than 40% of the synapses in the brain release the amino acid glutamate. (Purves et al., 2001)

Pregabalin, trade name Lyrica, approved for its anticonvulsant properties and to relieve pain in those who suffer from diabetic neuropathy. The chemical structure of pregabalin is structurally analogous to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system and functions by binding to α2δ voltage-gated calcium ion channel in presynaptic, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, most notably GABA. By decreasing the amount of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in synaptic terminals, epileptic seizures can be controlled and prevented.1