Research Paper On Teratogen

In the late 1950s, the Thalidomide drug was used in Europe to treat morning sickness in pregnant women among other things. This study involved manufacturing company providing samples of this drug to physicians and compensating them to study the benefits and results of this drug. Although allegedly this drug did not cause any harm to the mother the fetus suffered severe damage as a result. There were thousands of children born with

As previously mentioned, environmental factors, such as exposure to taratogens, can affect the development of the unborn child. Broderick and Blewitt (2105) define a teratogen as “substances or agents that can cross the placental barrier and produce fetal deformities when taken or absorbed by the mother during pregnancy” (p.619). These substances include drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, pollution, stress hormones, poor nutrition, and diseases, such as AIDS. Consumption of drugs and/or alcohol can lead to low birth weight, as well as, physical, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, more recent studies are showing that exposure to pollutants can affect an individual’s development. For example, a study of the

The California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni), a subspecies of least tern, breeds primarily on the Pacific Coast of California from San Francisco southward to Baja California, with a limited range in Southern California. The California least tern is a migratory bird and its full range includes coastal areas of western North and Central America. California least terns typically arrive in California in late April and stay until their fall migration in late July to early August. The tern generally prefers to nest in colonies on open sandy beaches, where natural tidal action keeps the area relatively free of vegetation (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006). The California least tern has been on the federal endangered species list since 1970, and the state endangered species list

It takes two to tango and it also takes two to make a baby. So it cannot come as a surprise that teratogens from the father can affect a developing baby. Teratogens have been described as “any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development” (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2010, p. 594). Birth defects caused from teratogens can range from physical abnormalities to mental and cognitive issues. There have been many studies done on the effects on teratogens and how they are linked to the mother of the developing fetus. However, fathers have a part to play in minimizing teratogens during conception. Fathers who drink, smoke, and do drugs such as cocaine can negatively impact their future children, and even before conception fathers who do drugs are exposing

Consumption of alcohol is not only injurious to pregnant women but also to the developing fetus inside the womb. Placenta connects the mother and the developing fetus and this placenta caters the need of the developing fetus. Alcohol can cross the placenta and can reach the fetus from the mother therefore, causing birth defects in the growing baby. Alcohol breaks down slowly in the baby’s blood thus causing harm to the baby. Alcohol acts as a Teratogen. Teratogen is an agent which can cause harmful effects to the growing baby. Consumption of excess alcohol during the crucial stages of the development of the baby leads to irreversible birth defects in the baby leading to Fetal alcohol syndrome. They can result in physical, mental and neurobehavioral

In 1957 a German pharmaceutical company, Chemie Grunenthal produced the drug Thalidomide, that would impact the life of more than 10,000 babies worldwide. Originally this drug was produced and marketed as a sedative that was thought to be nearly impossible to over dose on. It was a cheap over the counter drug that was marketed to pregnant women because of its effectiveness of combating morning sickness. Over time this drug became very common throughout Europe, Oceanic Regions, and even Africa. However, this drug had little testing behind it resulting in huge implications. Originally, this drug was tested on lab rats for its sedative purposes, but it was never tested on pregnant rats. Subsequently, many children were born with

Apremilast (CC-10004) is an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. As the dominant phosphodiesterase expressed in immune cells, phosphodiesterase 4 degrades cyclic AMP into AMP. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition elevates intracellular cAMP, which can down-regulate the inflammatory responses via mechanisms including inhibiting inflammatory cytokine expression and increasing anti-inflammatory mediator expression.

Hello, I am the element Nitrogen and my discoverer is Daniel Rutherford, a Scottish physician. I was founded in 1722 in Edinburgh, Scotland. I am found in group fifteen and period two, and my group name is the pnicogens. I have an atomic number of seven and have seven protons, neutrons, and electrons. I am important because I make up 78% of the atmosphere and am the fifth most abundant element of them all. I am found in the air and can be gathered through fractional distillation, in which is the process of separating a mixture using boiling points by condensation of vapor. I am used to make fertilizers, nitric acid, dyes, and explosives. However, in order for these things to be made, I am added to hydrogen, to form Ammonia. I am used in plant, animal, and human life, in which the intake of nitrogen leads to the making of RNA, DNA, and amino acids, which are used to make proteins.

Would you take a drug that would relieve you of pregnancy sickness, even if it meant your baby would have birth defects? I definitely would not! This happened when mothers took Thalidomide. Thalidomide is a drug that, in the 1950’s, was known as a sedative to morning sickness during your pregnancy. They didn’t know at the time but it was causing birth defects to their children, which got the name phocomelia. Here are a few topics that will be covered in the following essay: The adverse effects of Thalidomide, The history about it, and How did it affect the society and culture.

Teriflunomide also inhibits rapidly dividing cells, including activated T cells and tyrosine kinase enzymes, but only in high doses.The drug was approved by the FDA on September 13, 2012.3

Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones play a vital role in regulating the bodys metabolic rate, heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones.

Plutonium is radioactive. Freshly prepared plutonium metal has a silvery bright color but takes on a dull gray, yellow or olive green colour when oxidized in air. A large piece of plutonium feels warm to the touch because of the energy given off ,larger pieces can produce enough heat to boil water. At room temperature alpha-form plutonium (the most common form) is as hard and brittle as cast iron. It can be alloyed with other metals to form the room-temperature stabilized delta form, which is soft and ductile. Unlike most metals, plutonium is not a good conductor of heat or electricity. It has a low melting point and an unusually high boiling point. Plutonium also won't stick to a magnet. atomic number is 94.

The book discusses how important prenatal development is. Teratogens, environmental substances and agents that could harm the developing fetus, are something that the mother is warned about. Many substances (alcohol, drugs, tobacco, etc.) can harm the fetus during this critical period and could lead to birth defects such as fetal alcohol syndrome, low birth weight, prematurity, etc. Teratogens are not the only thing the mother has to watch.

The name of the formula that was given is Dinitrogen Tetroxide. Its formula is symbolized as N2O4. The history on how it was discovered was that it is incompatible with bases, water, copper, aluminum, and other flammable/combustible material. If Dinitrogen Tetroxide gets into any contact with ammonia, carbon disulfide, fluorine, formaldehyde, boron trichloride, propylene, alcohol, or ozone, an explosion may occur. The physical properties of this molecule is that it colorless by appearance; when mixed by NO2, it forms a brownish-yellowish color. The chemical properties is that when it is mixed by No2, it sometimes is polluted with a horrific acidic odor. It is highly corrosive due to it being a strong oxidizing agent. The molecule was made by

The miracle that is pregnancy has fascinated mankind since the dawn of time. For nine months, a mother develops and nurtures the developing embryos that will soon create the future generation. Before the development of modern medicine, women have tried their best to protect themselves and their child from dangerous infections, environmental exposures and even toxic exposure. For centuries, women would trail against the hardships of their environment. Because of this, many women and children sacrificed themselves to the toxicity of the world around them without identifying the causing agent. Now, with much thanks the the advancement of the medical field and modern sciences, doctors have been able to identify these dangerous agents called