Research Plan: Fuel Research Essay

Hydrogen gas is only slightly soluble in water. It is not poisonous. Hydrogen has three isotopes called protium, deuterium, and tritium. Tritium is radioactive and has been uses in the hydrogen bomb. In the laboratory, hydrogen can be produced by the electrolysis of water. Hydrogen combines directly with several of the most active elements, but most hydrogen compounds are made by indirect methods. Mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen explode violently when ignited by a spark. When there is air or oxygen with hydrogen’s presence, hydrogen burns with a hot flame and forms water. Chlorine burns in hydrogen and forms a colorless gas called HCl. Ammonia, whose symbol is NH3, is made by combining hydrogen and nitrogen. Other hydrogen compounds prepared indirectly include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and ethyl alcohol (C2H2OH). Hydrogen also combines directly with a variety of compounds. In the presence of a catalyst at high temperature and pressure, hydrogen combines with carbon monoxide to form methanol or wood alcohol (CH3OH). Hydrogen also unites with liquid fats to form solid fats through a process called hydrogenation. Many hydrogen compounds, such as ammonia, ethyl alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide, have extensive industrial uses. Hydrogen is also a good reducing agent and is used to recover some metals from their compounds. Hydrogen’s ability to produce heat when united with oxygen makes it a good fuel or fuel enhancer. They Hydrogen Fuel cell is

In the contexts of history and research, interest in heterogeneous photocatalysis can be traced back to many decades when Fujishima and Honda discovered in 1972 the photochemical splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of TiO2 From this time, extensive research, much of it published, has been carried out to produce hydrogen from water in oxidation reduction reactions using a variety of semiconductor catalyst materials. With respect to a semiconductor oxide such asWO3, photocatalytic reactions are initiated by the absorption of illumination with energy equal to or greater than the band gap of the semiconductor. This produces electron-hole (e−/h+) pairs as in Equation (1.14), Figure

In order to form metal hydrides, heat is released during the process which is exothermic reaction. The amount of heat released during the adsorption of hydrogen is the same as the amount of heat required to desorb the hydrogen. Therefore, as the stability of hydride formed getting higher, the heat needed to desorb hydrogen also higher. The energy needed to release the hydrogen from MgH2 is approximately 25% higher than the heating value of hydrogen. Although many efforts have been done on the Mg-based hydrides in recent years, it is still a challenge to find out an appropriate hydride of light metals (Zhou, 2004). The relatively high activation energy exists in the adsorption and desorption process leading the chemisorption process may become

In 2012, researcher Daniel Nocera released his long-awaited invention, the “artificial leaf”: a small solar device capable of converting sunlight and water into hydrogen for the purpose of providing a new form of alternative energy. However, Nocera’s invention came with a very large flaw upon its release: at the time, there was no competent means by which to use hydrogen as a source of fuel, as nearly all pre-existing fuel infrastructure is built upon the concept of liquid fuels. A solution came about only three years later, when Nocera partnered with Harvard chemists to pioneer a genetically-modified bacterium capable of quickly converting hydrogen into an alcohol-based liquid fuel with the potential for use in gas stations and cars. This development also solves another issue in Nocera’s original artificial leaf design, the lack of potential for storable fuel, through the conversion of the hydrogen gas to the liquid fuel.

However, the decomposition of N2H4BH3 is an exothermic process, and its dehydrogenation is accompanied by emission of N2H4 and NH3 which can damage a fuel cell. But, Hydrazine Borane has not been eliminated as a candidate solid-state chemical hydrogen storage material because it can be chemically modified towards formation of derivatives [4].

There are many elements that occur naturally on earth that can be put to good use to help with everyday life. Some of these elements, however, can cause harm if proper control is not taken when working with the element. Hydrogen is one such element that can be beneficial if used correctly and catastrophic if not.

The substrate for hydrogenation is almost always alkenes that produce saturated alkanes as the end product. This chemical process is very selective due to the steric hindrance that plays a role in determining where exactly would the hydrogen atoms be placed. There are few catalysts, namely, platinum, nickel, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium. These are considered very active catalysts as they are able to operate at lower temperatures. Hydrogenation

According to Raees Ahmed Lodhi, Nawaz Ahmad and Rizwan Raheem Ahmed,”The HHO gas produces result of hydrolysis of distilled water with combination of some electrolyte sodium or potassium hydro oxides. That Mixture is generally called Hydrogen-Hydro oxide mixture (H-OH) . With thermodynamics advantages, by hydrolysis of steam and using different

E. Testa, C. Giammusso, M. Bruno and P. Maggiore, "Analysis of environmental benefits resulting from use of hydrogen," Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 16, pp. 875-890, 2013.

There are other kinds of alternative fuels such as Ethanol, Propane, Natural Gas, Biodiesel, and Electricity. However, using hydrogen is one of the best option we do not have to worry about fuel shortage or polluting the environment. This is because hydrogen can be obtained from organic compounds. Organic compounds make up most of the gasoline, natural gas, and propane. We can obtain hydrogens by separating hydrogen and carbon, which has to go through the process of heating or reforming. Another way to obtain hydrogen is through electrolysis which requires an electrical current to separate water into oxygen and hydrogen molecules. One of the problems is that the currently require a lot of money and effort

The fuel cell electrode is thin, catalyst layer where electrochemical reaction is taking place. The electrodes is usually made up of carbon supported platinum and ionomer. The catalyst particles have to be in touch with protonic

attracted international attention in recent years (Datar et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2016). Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are a new and promising approach for hydrogen (H2) production from organic matter, including wastewater and other renewable resources. In MECs, electrochemically active bacteria oxidize organic matter and generate CO2, electrons and protons. The bacteria transfer the electrons to the anode and the protons are released into the solution. The electrons then travel through a wire to a cathode and combine with the free protons in the solution to produce hydrogen gas (Logan et al., 2008). The consumption of protons at the cathode chamber increases solution pH (Moussa et al., 2006). Based on this hypothesis, the cathode chamber in the MEC can be used to

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES Regional Centre: Rajahmundry Andhra Pradesh-533 294 2008-2009

The catalyst used in this study is a Ni-Mo supported on alumina that is a bi-function catalyst and commonly used for HDT and HDC of heavy residue such as atmospheric residue. The specifications of catalyst are listed in Table (2).

Index terms: Introduction, working, why only Hydrogen element, comparison with Batteries, cost analysis, advantages and disadvantages, applications, problems faced in Hydrofuel cells, conclusion.