Research Plan Statement

Bruce Gernon was having an easy flight from Miami to the San Andros Islands with his father and business associate Chuck Laferte in their new Beechcraft Bonanza A36 in December 1970 for a short time before peculiar things commenced. A low lenticular cloud the crew spotted shortly into their journey seemed to be tagging along with the plane. The cloud suddenly changed into a cumulus cloud,

So the warm moist air creates clouds of rain and thunderstorm. Adding to that winds with different speed going in different directions assisting in expanding these great clouds of rain and thunderstorm. With

Scientist track tornadoes by using devices such as radars, radars send out radioactive waves to particles in the atmosphere to find out facts about the object. There are different types of radars that find out different types of information. For example the doppler radar is a specific type of radar that measure frequency using the doppler effect. The doppler effect is an increase or decrease in the frequency of sound, light, or other kinds waves as the source moves toward or away from each other. Scientists use doppler radars to predict and find the location of tornadoes. the doppler radar is not able to detect winds. Some things the doppler radar can measure are, how fast is hail falling, how fast rain falls, strong winds, and etc. The doppler radar does a volume scan that give forecasters a look at movement in a storm close to the radar. The doppler radar has also been turned into a mobile radar which

Although meteorologist hardly acknowledge that their forecasts are not completely accurate, it is clear that without them the amount of harm would be great. The information of a possible tornado formation helps the public become prepared to the possibility of a tornado. Tornadoes warning systems have come a long way from the days where they were inaccurate and unreliable. Lead times have increased and are becoming more reliable. However, more sensitive technology is needed until forecasts can become more

Since the beggining of time, man has always been curious about its surroundings. But, as time changes so do the techniques and technology used by curious investigators. Weather satellites have proved the most useful technology in the passages because they can gather information about on coming weather, they can save lives, and they are a tool that works well with other weather calculating instruments that allow for a better prediction of approaching weather and storms.

2. As the Thunderstorm gets higher and larger the cool air at the top of the clouds start to become unstable and goes down and the warm air goes up.Which ends up in a circular motion.When the wind speeds reaches 25-38 mph it is classified as a tropical depression. When

Potential connections exist between total lightning and mesovortex formation, which is the parent circulation from which QLCS tornadoes are born. Many studies have found that mesovortexgenesis is initiated at low levels by tilting, in downdrafts, of crosswise baroclinic horizontal vorticity (Trapp and Weisman 2003 Part II, Wheatley and Trapp 2008, Atkins and St. Laurent 2009 Part II). Additional studies have found that strong low-level updraft is critical in converging and amplifying vertical vorticity associated with the mesovortex (Schenkman et al. 2012, Atkins and St. Laurent 2009). Trapp and Weisman (2003 Part I) also found that the amount of wind shear had large implications on mesovortexgenesis. As wind shear increased in both magnitude and

The water released from the clouds in the form of rain, sleet, snow or hail is called precipitation. For the formation of precipitation millions of droplets coalesce into drops large enough so as to sustain themselves during their descent. Two mechanisms have been put forth to explain this phenomenon, which are explained as follows:

Have you ever seen a condensation trail from a plane (mainly jet) that persists in the sky? Unless you are extremely high in the atmosphere, that is not normal. They are actually chemical trails from dumping chemicals across the

This lab works with clouds and atmospheric pressure. The purpose of this lab is to show the effects that atmospheric pressure has on cloud formations. The significance of this lab is to show how different amounts of atmospheric pressure in the air can change how big a cloud can form. A cloud is a mass of ice crystals and tiny water droplets that settle on dust particles in the air. For a cloud to form, it requires water molecules, dust or air pollution and temperature changes. It forms when water vapor holds onto tiny particles of dust or pollution that float in the air and creates water droplets or ice crystals which come together to form a cloud. There are three basic cloud shapes which are stratus, cumulus,

A rain-free base is a dark cumulous cloud base with no precipitation below it, rain-free bases usually mark the updraft of a thunderstorm. An inflow band is when low cumulus clouds start to outstretch from the storm, when this usually happens, the storm will be starting to gather low-level winds from about 7 miles away, this shows that there may be a swirling motion happening. A beaver tail cloud is a flat cloud that usually expands from the east edge of a rain-free base, if the flat cloud goes around the south edge of the rain-free base, this may pose as a swirling motion. What is a wall cloud? Well, a wall cloud is a cloud that is lowering while connected to the rain-free base. Wall clouds produce tornadoes that can last up to 10-20 minutes. A condensation funnel is made up of drops of water and once it starts to extend down from the base of the thunderstorm, if ever it touches the ground it forms into a tornado, if not, it is still a regular funnel. A rear flank downdraft is a rush of air that’s going down behind the storm that descends with a tornado. The rear flank downdraft causes the hook echo on a doppler radar. For a funnel cloud to form, a convection of hot air has to set a motion within the clouds to

It has been stated, “hexagonal clouds, which are often called air-bombs, can trigger 170 mph hurricane like forces, capable of destroying planes and sink ships in no time… without leaving a trace”(Christodoulou). The clouds can create a tornado-like effect and is mainly directed in one main area. In fact, “They are formed by what are called microbursts and they’re blasts of air that come down out of the bottom of a cloud and hit the ocean” (Pells). For this reason, “these winds are powerful enough to generate waves of more than 45 feet high”

They are known as rime and clear ice, and a mixture of the two is not uncommon. For rime ice to form, an aircraft needs to fly through an area of tiny super-cooled liquid drops. This super-cooled liquid is actually suspended in the cloud cover at temperatures already below freezing. Once the aircraft surface plows through this moisture, the drops are disrupted immediately adhere to and freeze before spreading out over the entire surface. This forms a rough and cloudy-white layer of ice known as rime. Even though the rime surface is rough and creates an airflow disturbance, it is lighter and easier to remove by deicing equipment than clear ice. For clear ice to form, larger sized super-cooled drops would need to be encountered. These larger droplets spread out over the surface and airfoils before freezing. This allows for the build-up of a clear, hard and slick layer of ice on the surface (Ahrens, 2009).

“These storms typically develop during the winter in a belt on the north side of a stationary or warm front. In this setting, a combination of three conditions leads to freezing rain: (1) an ample source of moisture in the warm air mass south of the front, (2) warm air uplifted over a shallow layer of cold air, and (3) objects on the land surface at or very close to freezing” (Keller, DeVecchio, p.312).

Meteorological Services to International Air Navigation is on a global scale regulated by two specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN): the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The WMO “is the UN system 's authoritative voice on the state and behavior of the Earth 's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources”(VWO, n.d) and (Yan, 2010). Via the Aeronautical Meteorology Program (AeMP) the WMOs objective is to warrant a global reliable availability of timely, cost effective and high quality meteorological services to aviation (VWO, n.d). The WMO provides relevant regulations in the Technical Regulations (WMO-No.49) Volume II for Meteorological Service to International Air Navigation. This publication is nearly identical to ICAOs Annex 3 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (WMO 2015). In addition to the Technical Regulations the WMO creates and provides documentation on how to implement the standard and recommended practices to its members on how to use meteorological instruments at aeronautical meteorological