Research Worksheet

Secondary research methods include analyzing and gathering existing literature on the researchers topic. Secondary research methods can be challenging because the existing literature might not address the researchers questions directly and it might not be current or valid. An advantage to secondary research methods is that it is quick and low cost. The data needed to analyze has already been collected and ready to use. Secondary research methods also might only work for specific topics where the data is cannot be collected ie. Government data.

Secondary research is done to research the data collection through the study of information which has already being researched from the hospital websites, articles, discharge and intake records or through primary research.

The types are design bias, selection participant bias, data collection and measurement bias, analysis bias, and publication bias. Design bias

Avoiding research bias in studies is important to the development of objective, reliable information that can be used by the public. Check all of the situations that are likely to indicate research bias:

While this structure provides a starting point for the critique of evidence strength, the prudent evaluation and, subsequent, translation into practice guidelines requires further consideration (Greenhalgh, 2010). Research can be scrutinized into measures of quality. John Hopkins Hospital grades evidence on a high to low scale, A through C, based on criteria including consistency of results, reproducibility of findings, sample size of study, level of study control, organizational design, and expert opinion (Newhouse, Dearholt, Poe, Pugh, & White, 2005). Using this evaluation tool, an A score would result in a recommendation for clinical practice while a score of C should alert the clinician to a low quality of research and should not be incorporated into practice guidelines (Newhouse et al., 2005).

Evidence based practice is the incorporation of individual clinical expertise with best research evidence and patient values and expectations. Health care decision of individual patients should be based on best available research evidence. A health decision made from a sound research evidence has the potential to ensure best practice and reduce variations in health care delivery. In health science, an ever increasing plethora of studies being published and is challenging for clinicians to keep up with the literature. Integrating research into practice is time consuming and need methods for easy access to such evidences for busy clinicians. Indeed, clinical decision should be based on the latest research evidence. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses summarize the research evidence, which is generally the best form of evidence, thereby making the available evidence more accessible to decision makers and are positioned

Summaries – Evidence is taken from practice guidelines that were established by healthcare organizations and entered into the National Guidelines Clearinghouse databases. Summaries can be appraised rapidly because they are given a

Primary Research is where you get information by yourself, like getting information from my client, like a person (like a parent, GP Health Professional or Carters Green Medical Centre’s practise manager) is interviewing my client they’ll information from my client’s face to face, which is primary information.

Primary research. This has to be gathered first and to answer certain questions that are related to the project; therefore it is more time consuming and expensive. Primary research is considered to be a reliable source of information as it is coming directly from consumers.

In the surveys and randomized controlled trials, validity, reliability and generalizability are three key factors.

The second step of meta-analysis is proceeding to conduct the literature databases’ search. There are five tips will be used in literature search: Controlled Vocabulary which is

Question one of Module two asks us to look at what type of study a therapist should use when initially looking to answer a clinical question. The therapist should first look to the highest level of evidence, which is a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Systematic reviews look at the research of several studies in order to draw a conclusion. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials is the highest level of evidence, because it is effective in reducing the potential bias and random errors of an individual study. While the advantages of a systematic review may be to reduce bias and random error, there are also a few disadvantages to this particular practice. For instance, the process of creating a systematic review is

Primary and secondary sources are ways in which data can be retrieved. As Serakan (2006) stated, “Primary data refer to information obtained by the researcher on the variables of interest for the specific purpose of the study”. Various evidence suggesting to what methods of primary research can be conducted and which are most effective for the previously mentioned problem description are stated in this chapter.

A preliminary search yielded 10 studies, and reviews (Appendix B). Two Level1 studies were systematic reviews. One of the studies was a well controlled randomized study, which is a Level II. Six of the studies were nonrandomized, well controlled studies that were Level III. No evidence found at this time was a Level IV, V, VI, or VII.

The research processes that I used were both primary sources and secondary sources. My primary source was the observation of children in a social environment to determine whether changes of