Resettlement Approaches . 4.4.1.1- Resettlement Policy.

off their land to be fracked, more and more people have their lands and livelihoods destroyed.

The Australian Catholics Migrant and Refugee Office (ACMRO) is an organisation that contributes to public discussion of crucial issues, using their religious beliefs as a basis for its contributions. The ACMRO was established by the Australian Catholics Bishops Conference on 1st July 1995. It is designed to advise and serve the Australian Catholics Bishops Conference at both a national and international level on migrant and refugee issues. To act as an official Church voice relating to migrants and refugees. To make appropriate representation to Government and other bodies on matters relating to migrants and refugees. According to the Church teaching on the issue, Pope Francis states “Violence, exploitation, discrimination, marginalisation, restrictive approaches to fundamental freedoms, whether of individuals or of groups: these are some of the chief elements of poverty which need to be overcome.” It is through this organisation that agencies can be run. They come under the ACMRO umbrella, such as the Brigidine Asylum Seekers Project (BASP), Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) and the Edmund Rice Centre (ERC).

The Reentry policy brief provides input to the Task Force set up by Florida Governor Rick Scott to reduce the number of incarcerated juveniles and avoid increasing the already wide racial disparities of the incarcerated population of juveniles. Most reentry facilities in Florida are run by reentry programs that were expanded from Transition from Prison to Community (TPC) and Transition from Jail to Community (TJC) models. Yet these programs appear to not have fully addressed recidivism among juveniles and are also not tailored to lower the widening racial disparities among the incarcerated juvenile population. Better evidence-based reentry practices are needed to ensure that these programs are not only effective in discontinuing the cycle of recidivism but also address the disproportionate minority contact. A growing body of research demonstrates that comprehensive multi-dimensional reentry frameworks increase the chances of reentry programs stopping the cycle of crime among Florida’s juvenile offenders. A comprehensive multi-dimensional reentry program refers to a standardized program that is implemented statewide and which incorporates evidence based practices such as assessment of needs and risks, individual case planning, and cognitive behavioral interventions.

This essay is about the universal refugee experience and the hardships that they have to go through on their journey. Ha from Inside Out and Back Again and other refugees from the article “Children of War” all struggle with the unsettling feeling of being inside out because they no longer own the things that mean the most to them. Ha and the other refugees all encounter similar curiosities of overcoming the finding of that back again peaceful consciousness in the “new world” that they are living in .

Djibouti, unlike most countries in the African continent, is a predominantly urban state – with over two-thirds of its population living in Djibouti City. The exodus of people leaving rural areas for the capital city has created an even greater demographic divide between urban and rural people – with 85% of the population now living in the capital. The city’s facilities are not capable of processing this number of people, reason why many migrants end up settling on the slums at the outskirts of the city. Although having settled into urban environments, many of these migrants are not adept at living urban lives – which have also been under stress from the drought. The destruction of the already fragile agricultural sector has risen food prices

Refugee issue is a global issue mainly due to wars, conflicts or environmental, political, religious and racial reasons (Gibney & Gil, 2010). In recent years, the turmoil triggered by the "Arab Spring" in many countries in West Asia and North Africa causing numerous refugees, so it has once again attracted the attention of people（Grossman, 2017）. People forced to relocate their homes and even renounce their nationality by war or natural disasters are defined as refugee（UNHCR，2017）.The influx of refugees brings cheap labor forces reducing the cost of productions ,and causes the promotion of economic development. In addition, the increasing population leads to an increase in demand which can increase the income of the host countries and the state tax. It can be argued that refugees are unable to benefit the host nations because refugees increase unemployment rate and occupy resources in education. Although it may be true that there are some negative effects caused by refugees, refugees can benefit the host nation in terms of economy and social advancement.

Furthermore, Thomson (2007) states that a better identification for public participation in planning decisions by distinguishing both the preparation, evaluation of planning proposals and controls in the deliberations of the project development through the Australian planning systems is desired. The chances for public engagement commonly occur in the planning processes and development assessment procedures that incorporate the community in decision-making (Thompson 2007). In addition, there is a necessity to establish a well-planned management and program framework, which involve public management decision-making platform demonstrated by introducing a public policy decision that also incorporate internal operating organizations or committees, political and public sector through the Barangaroo development process (Clegg & Johnston 2012). Thompson (2007) illustrates that the development planning process involving the community engagement should be a guiding foundation and

The government launched a number of reconstruction and rehabilitation activities such as leading demining activities with the purpose of reducing High Security Zones (HSZ) and other programs to implement new livelihood activities for resettled civilians. The GOSL exposes, “The government’s priority has been the resettlement of the approximately 300,000 IDP’s, while ensuring that they are provided adequate shelter, food, security and livelihood support.” To enable the rural poor to improve their livelihood and quality of life, the government was able to establish interim camps for all internally displaced people (IDP) after the war, including ex-LTTE cadres. All interim camps were provided with basic needs of the IDPs including food, shelter, medical facilities and other sanitation

Kiberia, Africa’s largest slums where one million people live, is an “eyesore” in the eyes of Kenya’s president Mwai Kibaki. The place is in an extremely bad sanitary condition, with horrible smell, unpaved narrow streets, mud shacks, rivers are being filled with sewage, and mountains of trash. This is an ideal image of developing-countries poverty in many westerners. Sara Candiracci, one of the members of United Nations Human Settlements Program, even has to utter, “It is not acceptable that Kibera exists.” Thus, the government and the United Nations join hands together to change this area through an experimental slum-upgrading program. This program is said to benefit and reshape

Stol (2009: 14) defines policy making as a national government being able to convert its political objectives into programmes and actions to deliver the required outcomes (Stol 2009: 14). It could be noted that for the government to effectively respond to developmental challenges it should be able to have access of the background and complexity of the challenges. Such a process would assist the

Food, clothing and housing are not easily available due to low production and low income of people. And so people can’t access them easily. Drainage system is also very poor and even clean water for drinking purposes is not there for the people.

The effects of conflicts in terms of refugee flows into neighbouring countries and the emergence of internally displaced persons (IDPs) has demonstrated that no African country is an island unto itself . Refugee camps in the Mano River Union region of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone have served as source of instability for countries in the region. It is estimated that there are close to three million refugees in central Africa alone. The camps in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from the Rwandan genocide of 1994, remain a source of concern for all the key actors involved in the Great Lakes region. 200,000 refugees have spilled into Chad as a result of the violent conflict in Sudan’s Darfur region, creating tension along the border. Dadaab(Kenya) hosts people that have fled various conflicts in the larger Eastern Africa region. Most have come as a consequence of the civil war in southern Somalia, including both Somalis and members of Somalia's various ethnic minority groups such as the Bantu. These situations illustrate the need for effective post-conflict reconstruction processes and the institutions to back them up. IDPs and refugees make it difficult for host communities and displaced communities to settle down and initiate development. Therefore, a central pillar of post-conflict reconstruction is the incorporation of IDPs and refugees into the host community or the repatriation of refugees, after consideration of possible

When analyzing the refugee camp as a form of a city , There are the issues of community organization ,scale and their

For decades, they were largely ignored and forgotten, but together they probably comprise the world‟s largest group of vulnerable people. Currently, there are an estimated 30 million of them in at least 50 countries living amidst war and persecution. They have little legal or physical protection and a very uncertain future – outcasts in their own countries. Bureaucratically, they are described as IDPs – or „internally displaced persons.‟ In the real world, they are civilians, mostly women and children, who have been forced to abandon their homes because of conflict or persecution to seek safety elsewhere. The idea and the phenomenon of internal displacement are not recent. According to United Nations Office for the Coordination

Planning is for the common people and for the community development then it should not be complete concern of the planners or the central policy makers; rather it should be the concern of the whole community and whole society. Thus the traditional planning process needs to be revised and modified to make room for the common people to take part in the decision making process. The local communities, elected