Residential Instability And Mobility, Racial Ethnic Heterogeneity

Deviance as a sociological term does not mean perversion or depravity, deviance is exhibiting behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. When on the topic of deviance, we are discussing the violation of social norms. Social norms are the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. These rules may be explicit or implicit, meaning they are either expressed clearly or simply implied indirectly. There are many different causes of deviance, willingly or unwillingly. When talking about deviance, a person can get a deviant identity in many ways. You can look at it in terms of physical or behavioral characteristics. When people acquire a deviant role, it is common to be viewed in a negative way by many people.

The book conveyed criminology defined as the study of crime and a social science that shares characteristics with sociology. People in the field of criminology are the information seekers who look for the reason behind why crimes are committed. They also look at not only how the crimes are committed but how they can be stopped. Criminology involves research and study. These studies should help create more effective responses to crime. The criminal justice study is focused on how the law is made and enforced. Criminal justice also goes over how those crimes are punished. It studies how the justice system works at all of the phases, from the moment a crime is reported, to police, the courts, and corrections. Criminal justice studies center on what happens after a crime is committed and how the legal system functions when it is in authorizing, enforcing laws that the crime may have broken, punishing offenders of that law, and responding to victims of the

“Deviance in sociological context describes actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms.”

Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior (Siegel 4). Criminology is not just understanding criminal actions but also studying how to correct and prevent crime, overall. There are five major Criminological theories, (1) Classical Theory, (2) Positivist Theory, (3) Marxist / Conflict Theory, (4) Sociological Theory, and (5) Multifactor / Integrated Theory.

Deviance differ from culture to culture and person to person, it is hard to pinpoint what is considered deviant to the masses and what is not. For example. a single culture may accept the idea of marrying off their daughter at a young age as acceptable, but other cultures may not and might find this to be a heinous act. While there are different forms of deviants ranging from criminal, sexual, to even a persons lifestyle, theories have been reformed throughout the decades to better explain the basis of these ‘abnormal’ acts.

1). Criminology arose from the social scientific community over the year and has since come into its own discipline, it examines the entire process of lawmaking, law breaking, and law enforcing” (as cited in Akers, & Sellers, 2013). Criminology seeks to discover the depth of crime at both the micro and macro levels, from the individual’s natural biological and psychological characteristics, the nurturing of social and structural institutions, to policy, prevention and control.

There has been a pleather of research regarding the issue of crime and deviance. A definition of crime and deviance can be explained in relative terms which are dependant on any particular society’s interpretation of crime and deviance. Cultures differ from one society to another and the general consensus of right and wrong can also evolve throughout time. Definitions of crime and deviance can evolve with factors such as time, pace and society. However the general definition of crime is that its an act that breaks the law and deviance refers to behaviour that most people see as differing from acceptable social norms or standards of society. The purpose of

Deviance can be defined as an absence of conformity to the social norm. Not all deviant behavior is necessarily illegal or harmful to individuals, these behaviors can range from standing in another’s personal space to murdering another individual. In some cases, it can be looked upon as a positive change or a unique and favorable act. Although, considered deviant because it is not the social norm, it still can have a very positive social aspect or lead to social change. Culture and the societies within these cultures have a significant impact on what is considered deviant and what is acceptable or even lawful behavior. The degree of deviance is measured by society’s reaction towards the action and the lawful sanctions that may take

Sociologists, who study crime, examine the criminal movement in society along with its reasons, nature, and effects. The study of crime not simply contains sociological study, but also needs study of criminal psychology and the study of behavioral learning.

Criminology describes crime, criminal behavior and its causes, and how crime can be controlled and prevented (Schmalleger, 2015). It encompasses a vast realm of disciplines including biology, psychology, and sociology. The field of criminology is composed of many different elements that help make the discipline whole. Some of those components may include criminal behavior, criminal justice, theoretical criminology, translational criminology, and the criminal justice system. Without understanding and studying criminal behavior, one would not understand criminology.

Common characteristics of neighborhoods with low-level socioeconomic status and physical disorder, which include poverty, high mobility, etc., are all characteristics that the social disorganization theory finds related to high-crime areas. In the article, “Life and Death in the City: Neighborhoods in Context” by John Logan, the author discusses what exactly causes crime and disorganization within a neighborhood. He stated, “Robert Sampson used census data to show that the higher the proportion of divorced adults and the higher the proportion of households headed by a single woman in a neighborhood, the higher proportion of residents who have been victims of crime.” He also explained that the unconventional families within a neighborhood, the less control over youths who are tempted to complete deviate

Deviance is the behavior and the standards of expectations of a group or society. It is also behavior that is considered dangerous, threatening or offensive. The people that are deviant are often labeled to be weirdos, oddballs, or creeps. In the United States, people with tattoos, drug addicts, alcoholics, and compulsive gamblers are all considered deviant. Sociologists believe that everybody is deviant from time to time. They believe each person will violate a social norm in certain situations. People are considered deviant if they don't stand for the national anthem at a sports event, dress casually to a fancy restaurant, or skip classes. One category of deviance is Crime. Crime is a violation of norms

Children considered “high risk” are children who are more susceptible to crime due to their low rates of parental investment. Research has found that children growing up with one or more parent incarcerated is “the greatest threat to a child’s well being.” High risk children are more likely to abuse drugs and become involved in illegal activity If their parents or legal guardians are involved in these things as well (Junger,1).

Criminology is a study of crime, criminals and criminal justice. Ideas about criminal justice and crime arose in the 18th century during the enlightenment, but criminology as we know it today developed in the late 19th century. Criminology has been shaped by many different academic disciplines and has many different approaches. It explores the implications of criminal laws; how they emerge and work, then how they are violated and what happens to those violators. Laws are relative and historically shaped; they vary from time to time and from place to place (Carrabine et al, 2009).

When defining sexual deviance, it is important to remember that it can change and vary depending on location, culture, etc., and cannot simply be defined to fit societal norms. Additionally, the key word in sexual deviance is the word “deviant”, which cannot often be confused with criminal. Although some forms of sexual deviance do cross the line of criminal behavior, all deviant behavior should not be grouped as criminal. Sexually deviance in a social context is defined as any act or conscious thought that differs from that of societal norms and usually disrupts the status quo. In other words, there are norms that most individuals live by given their culture or society and anything that operates outside of the norm is usually condemned as deviant. For instance, some countries still believe in arranged marriages where a suiter has been chosen and the daughter is given away at a young age to a male that is much older than she is. Consequently, most cultures would frown upon this and some even consider it statutory rape but depending on the cultural norms, it is considered normal and not deviant.