Respiration And Metabolism Warmup ( 12 Pts )

My game was focused on the topic of energy transfer. Specifically the energy transfer in photosynthesis reactions (light-dependent and light-independent) and in respiration reactions. First photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. There are two parts to photosynthesis, light dependent reactions and light independent reactions or the calvin cycle. Light-dependent reactions require sunlight. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy, in the form of NADPH and ATP. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes in the granum, which is a stack of thylakoids, within the

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the main pathways of energy transportation in organisms. However, the reactants and the products are exact opposites in photosynthesis and in cellular respiration.

Oxidation of NADH and FADH2to H2O (and NAD or FAD). Generates H ion concentration gradient and therefore ATP.

Cellular respiration is the series of metabolic process by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. Fermentation is the process by which complex organic compounds such as glucose, are broken down by the action of enzymes into simpler compounds without the use of oxygen. The significance of these pathways for organisms is to allow for an organism to be able to generate ATP. Some organism that undergo cellular respiration are bacteria and fungi. Some organism that undergo fermentation are yeast and muscle cells. In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized and releases energy. In cellular respiration, glucose produces ATP and 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. The pyruvate is then further broken down in the mitochondria where it becomes oxidized and releases CO2 (Upadhyaya 2014). In the fermentation process oxygen does not play a part. This process converts glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP. From there pyruvate breaks down into CO2 and acetaldehyde (Upadhyaya 2014) Monosaccharides are known as simple sugars and their main function is being the source of energy for organisms. Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond and their primary function is to provide food to monosaccharides. Some disaccharides

Cellular respiration is an ATP-producing catabolic process in which the ultimate electron acceptor is an

9. The movement of electrons form the proton gradient, the electron transport chain pumps Hydrogen plus from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This causes more protons outside than inside. The first and third complexes of the electron transport chain move the protons through the membrane. The first complex in the electron transport chain pumps

The redox reaction will transfer the electrons from the HUMO, through oxidation, to the LUMO, through reduction. The redox potential is the energy that allows the transfer of electrons.

In addition to energy, what are the principal end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates?

An electron transport chain refers to series of compounds involved in the transfer of electrons from the electron donors to the electron acceptors through redox chemical reactions. The reactions are coupled to the transfer of protons across the membrane of the mitochondria. These build an electrochemical proton force that drives the synthesis of ATP. The final acceptor of the electron in the chain is usually

The two carbon molecule bonds four carbon molecule called oxaloacete forming a carbon molecule knew as citrate. The second step reaction is classified as oxidation/reductions reactions. This process is formed by two molecule of CO2 and one molecule of ATP. The cycle electrons reduce NAD and FAD, which join the H+ ions to form NADH and FADH2, this result to an extra NADH being formed during the transition. In the mitochondrion, four molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 are produced for each molecule of pyruvate, two molecules of pyruyate enter the matrix for each molecule of oxidized glucose, as a result of these eight molecules of NADH+ two molecules are produced. Six molecules of NADH+, molecules of FADH2 and two molecules of ATP synthesize itself in Krebs cycle. As a result, no oxygen is used in the described reactions. During chimiosmosis, oxygen only plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation. The next step is the electron transport; the electrons are stored on NADH and FADH2 and are used to produce ATP. Electron transport chain is essential to make most ATP produced in cellular respiration. The NADH and FAD2 from the Krebs cycle drop their electrons at the beginning of the transport chain. When the electrons move along the electron transport chain, it gives power to pump the hydrogen along the membrane from the matrix into the intermediate space. This process forms a gradient concentration forcing the hydrogen through ATP syntheses attaching

NADPH and FADPH are both an electron carrier developed in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. They both will arrive electron chain transport and transfer their electrons to the next electron acceptor until the electrons reach oxygen. “Each cytochrome holds electrons at different energy states. Higher energy electrons enter the ETC at higher levels and lower energy electrons enter at lower levels.” (Daempfle, 2016) As a result these electrons progress will pump H+ from one cell to another. In cellular respiration, the electrons flow will cause proton to acquire in the compartment among inner and outer membrane of mitochondria. Furthermore, photosynthesis, the electron purpose establish proton to accumulate inside inter-thylakoid membrane.

while releasing energy from it's bonds. This is the energy used by the cell to produce

Students rarely contemplate the origin of the breath that passes through their respiratory system nearly every second of the day. Often, they also fail to envisage or appreciate the complex and intricate processes that facilitate the operation of our body’s functions through respiration. Numerous people often unconsciously remain in a state of digression when discussing the processes of energizing our own bodies and other imperative mediums, such as power and heat, in the world around us. Adulation for the sugars that expedite the preceding processes is certainly not lacking, but the coherence of another ingredient to respiration and the knowledge of its origins is often deficient. It is also essential to adumbrate that the producers of this ingredient are not particularly fervid about manufacturing it as it is simply a picayune by-product in the process of photosynthesis for plants. Surprisingly, this by-product is one of the most vital elements to animal life and is known simply as oxygen to the most juvenile or educated individuals. While the prominent products of photosynthesis-organic compounds called sugars-will eventually provide energy to all respiring organisms and numerous other inorganic sources, oxygen instigates the process; the chemical compound O2 is required to burn the carbohydrates, creating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the source of energy for metabolism (Cogdell 3). Remarkably, the seemly nugatory organelles called chloroplasts are entirely responsible

In the metabolic reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions are very essential for ATP synthesis. The electrons removed in the oxidation are transferred to two major electron carrier enzymes. The electrons are transported through protein complexes in present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The complexes contain attached chemical groups which are capable of accepting or donating one or more electrons. The protein complexes are known as the electron transfer system (ETS). The ETS allow distribution of the free energy between reduced coenzymes and the O2. The ETS is associated with proton (H+) pumping from the mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

The process of cellular oxidation is essentially an energy transformation process; i which the energy stored in the food molecules am transformed into chemical energy of A (Adenosine triphosphate). Molecular oxygen is taken into the cell, the food molecules are, oxidized and energy, carbon dioxide and water are released.The energy that is released durin the oxidation of the food is used to couple phosphoric acid and ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) to the energy rich ATP. All the three types of food, such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are oxidized inside the cell in essentially the same manner. The pathways of these three types of molecules converge on a point known as Krebs cycle.The carbon dioxide produced inside cells diffuses out into blood and finally eliminated through the respiratory system. From the foregoing discussion, it is clear that ATP is the energy currency of the cell. However, it should be noted that ATP does not store energy, but rather transfers it to points in a cell requiring it.It refers to the anaerobic (without oxygen) breakdown of monosaccharides, especially glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) with a concominant release of a relatively small amount of energy in the form of ATP. The complete glycolytic pathway was worked out by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhoff, Carl Nituberg and Jacob Parnas in 1940.The glycolytic pathway is also known as Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas (EMP) pathway in the honour of its discoverers. In this pathway, glucose