Respiratory Syncytial Virus In Healthy Children

Coughing and sneezing can spread the viruses easily. Infected stool may be infectious, such as changing a diaper or children use hands to touch their stool before touching another objects and put in their mouths..

RSV infection is limited to the respiratory tract. Respiratory Syncytial Virus affects the respiratory system causing an interruption of the normal physiology of the lungs which are the main organs affected. The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped bodies that occupy the thorax. The lungs have two vital functions air distribution and gas exchange. In addition to attending as an air distribution pathway and gas exchange surface the components of the respiratory tract cleanse, warm and humidify inspired air. RSV affects the lungs by inflaming the small airways and decreasing the oxygen flow in and out, thereby affecting the capacity for normal oxygen exchange. Initial infection in young infants or children frequently involves the LRT and most often manifests as the clinical entity of bronchiolitis. Inoculation of the virus occurs in the URT in respiratory epithelial cells [ (Leonard R Krilov, 2010) ]. Spread of the virus down the respiratory tract occurs by

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) is an infection that is contagious that resembles the common cold a lot of times. RSV is the most common viral pathogen that causes lower respiratory tract infections in infants. RSV infection in infancy cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia and may incline children to the following development of asthma, the most common chronic illness of childhood. RSV is the most single related cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Epidemics of the virus are seen each winter, 80% of infections typically occur during a three-month period. The virus is not typically severe during infancy but it is rare if it happens. (As, in my case I was born with the RSV virus and was hospitalized for eighteen days and was put on assisted ventilation.) In infants RSV infection can spread to the bronchial tubes and lungs. The virus can also infect adults, in where the infection can cause viral pneumonia, which is sometimes followed by a bacterial infection of the lower respiratory system.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has a seasonal and yearly incidence, usually between November and April. It is responsible for high infant morbidity and mortality worldwide.. By the first year of life, 60% of children are infected, and almost 100% are infected by 2 years of age. (Saso,&Kampmann,2016). The more common age for hospitalizations occur between 2-3 months of age, and is the leading cause of infants being hospitalized in the developed world, accounting for 2 % of admissions during the winter season. (geerdink,Pillay,Meyalard,2015). The natural RSV infection in those younger than 6 months does not adequately develop a long-lasting immunological response, making reoccurrence of infection likely to reoccur. RSV is an infection that causes cold-like illness that can also cause otitis media, rhinitis, bronchitis, croup, and, pneumonia. Although RSV can cause different reactions, Bronchiolitis is the most common form of occurrence in the pediatric population. This virus is very caustic to the respiratory lining for vulnerable infants, that it increases the risk for respiratory diseases in later years of childhood.

When children or young people are unwell or injured inform the designated first aider, ensure the surrounding environment is safe. Assess signs and symptoms and take appropriate action and inform parent/carers. For e.g. a child is not acting themselves, feels hot to touch. Then remove clothing as necessary, use a cold flannel to cool them down. Make them comfortable and take their temperature. Ensure this is recorded in an incident log. Inform the parent/carer that the child is unwell and to come and collect them if

RSV enters a cell through fusion at the plasma membrane. Initiation emerges when the G protein of the RSV binds to a specific long unbranched polysaccharide of the

There are three major symptoms associated with RMSF which usually appear after an incubation period of five to ten days: fever, headache, and a rash. The rash is a diffuse macular (featuring elevated discoloration) rash, is most prominent on wrists and ankles, which will usually erupt three or four days after the onset of fever. All three of the primary symptoms are not always present in all cases of RMSF, making it much harder to correctly diagnose the disease. Other symptoms are general symptoms common with other types of infections such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Despite the name the disease is endemic in the Carolinas, Oklahoma, and Tennessee, and is less common in the Rocky Mountain area. About 95% of reported cases occur between April and September. (Lyon and Kelsey).

When CAP occurs, it is determined if the need for hospitalisation is necessary as it depends on the seriousness of the infection. Gram- positive organisms such as S. pneumoniae, naturally occur in the upper respiratory tract, is one cause of lower respiratory infections such as pneumonia, but is also a culprit in causing upper respiratory infections like otitis media. H. influenzae is just one of many bacterial infections that can result in CAP, it therefore can be subacute and present with a low-grade fever and a persistent cough for a few weeks before a patient has a diagnosis. Adults that have very little or no immunity are an easier target for certain viruses such as that of the Cytomegalovirus, which is a viral pathogen that is commonly contracted within the community, other common virus are adenovirus and herpes simplex. When a virus starts to become acute, it starts an infection within the ciliated cells within the airway. When pneumonia occurs from this viral infection, the inflammatory action starts to seep into the alveolar areas and leads to the problem of excess exudation and oedema within the respiratory tract. It is sometimes often difficult to differentiate symptoms of a viral pneumonia from that of bacterial pneumonia (Smeltzer &

In this case study, the history of present illness and associated signs and symptoms as well as confirmation of positive exposure to influenza warrants considering antiviral therapy. Antiviral medications are clinically most beneficial when started as close to illness onset as possible. According to current guidelines published by the AAP (2016) for the current influenza season oral oseltamivir remains the antiviral drug of choice for the management of influenza infections. Benefits with the greatest effect on outcome should occur with treatment initiated within 48 hours of illness onset but is not contraindicated if initiated later in the illness. Review of the case study provides no rationale not to consider prescribing antiviral therapy. Certainly, it is well known that immunization is the most important public health measure for the prevention of influenza infection, however, antiviral drugs also may be used for prevention in high-risk patients in certain

RSV will usually affect one’s upper respiratory tract first before affecting the lower. It is also more common that this virus will affect someone’s upper respiratory rather than the lower respiratory. Someone with an upper respiratory infection may come across as having the common cold, tonsillitis, the flu, and etc. The flu is also able to occur in someone who has a lower respiratory tract infection, as well as, bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and tuberculosis (“Respiratory Tract Infections,” 2014).

Acute tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils secondary to an infectious process causing painful swallowing and is more commonly attributed to a viral cause rather than bacterial (Shepherd, 2013). A physical assessment of the tonsils may reveal an increase in size with edema and erythema. This is often associated with upper respiratory symptoms like, headache and cough (Shepherd, 2013). Another diagnosis is pharyngitis. Pharyngitis is also a sore throat which is secondary to inflammation noted at the back of the throat and associated with complaints of pain when swallowing (Shepherd, 2013). Viral pharyngitis is the most common and can be contributed to the rhino or coronavirus which lasts between 5-7 days and presents with associated symptoms like cough, headache, fatigue and mild fever (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). Finally, GABHS or more commonly noted as strep throat is a potential diagnosis. This bacterial infection is most common in children and adolescents. Often individuals present with symptoms including throat pain, fever, chills, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy and exudate noted to tonsils or in the pharyngeal (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). This infectious process in younger children may also present with gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain but is not accompanied by cough or nasal

The most common pathogen of acute viral rhinitis is rhinovirus, other causes include, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus. The most common pathogen of rhinosinusitis is S pneumoniae, H influenzae (nontypeable), M catarrhalis, and β-hemolytic streptococci. Common pathogen of viral pharyngitis includes, Epstein-Barr virus, coxsackie A group of viruses and adenovirus. The most common bacterial pharyngitis is group A streptococcal infection, other causes include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, groups C and G streptococci, and

Rapid virological testing for RSV is recommended in order to guide isolation and allocate Liam into cohorts in hospital (Fitzgerald, 2011).

SARS appears to spread by close person-to-person contact. It is thought that transmission is most readily occurred through respiratory droplets. These can be produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets are propelled through the air and are deposited on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes of a person that is nearby. It is also possible that the virus can spread when a person touches a surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then touches their mouth, nose, or eyes. Furthermore, it is possible that SARS-CoV might be airborne spread or by other methods that are not yet known.

Countries of the world do not understand specifically how people become infected with MERS-CoV, but it is believed that the virus can be passed from person to person when they are in close contact with each other, but WHO claims the virus does not easily transmit from person