Response To Gut Bacteria

A healthy adult has over 1000 species of bacteria residing in the gut (1). There is great diversity in genera of these bacteria, however the most

After reading the above statement, did you miss any species in your gut content sampling? If so, which ones?

Answer: Innate immune system or nonspecific resistance is also known as first line of defense. It’s nonspecific that means not design to target any specific microorganisms. Response time for innate immune system is very quick compare to adaptive immune system. These infections inhibited by the substance that change the humoral or cellular component of the host that mediated non specific resistance. They are not specific means they provide protection against a spectrum of organism. And they are vitamin, minerals, fatty acid and microbial product. These substances are major part of our diet. We consume food and get from it. Diet has both

The gut microbiota is extremely diverse – consisting of over 1,000 identified unique species of bacteria. It is indeed difficult to wrap one’s head around it – despite bacteria being microscopically small, and having an undetectable mass, the bacteria of the gut in a human can weigh over 2 pounds! This incredibly diverse mass of bacteria is also mostly unique on an individual basis – over 70% of the bacteria per gut are unique to each person [1]. Thus, the gut microbiota of each individual can effectively function as a unique source of identity.

There are major effects in the United States and Europe to help identify the role of microbial communities in the human body. The colon requires a balance of microbial agents that assist with various functions of the body. An imbalance can lead to C.diff., irritable bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), neurological disorders, and obesity just to list a few. Many of these problems have grown to an epidemic proportion. Both the United States and Europe have started projects aimed at the microbial communities of the body and their roles in our health.

The first group that was dropped into the water was the group of mice that did not have lactobacillus, when dropped into water they began to swim for a couple minutes but gave up after. The group with the lactobacillus was also dropped into the water and had the same start swimming but that group half of mice never gave up they just kept on swimming. The scientists figured out that items we eat do affect how our brain acts most of the time. The link between the intestinal microbes and he brain at that these could send signals to the brain and affect how the brain itself reacts to certain situations. Based on the studies discussed on the podcast the intestines also have roles in our psychological wellbeing, like in the studies the French did with the lactobacillus as well but on human being. Persons that had ingested the lactobacillus felt less stressed while the group that did not take the lactobacillus felt stressed. The podcast also talked about how this might be implemented in the future to treat patients with mental illness. This could me in a form of a “medicinal yogurt” or even medication. I thought this part of the podcast was interesting because most people including me don’t think that the “gut” can have any impact on a human beings mental health but this section

Unique microbiota could suggest a human’s current health or if there is any forthcoming chronic disease (Ley, 2006). Families with shared healthy microbes may be able to help relatives who suffer from gastrointestinal disease; but the extant to which the microbiome is shared across generations is not readily known and more research is needed. The core trends for current research revolve around control of obesity, treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn’s, and hormonal manipulation in cases of depression. It is imperative to learn to eat for optimal health, to evolve along with the commensals (Turner et al., 2013) as human diets influence diversity of microbes present (Ley et al., 2008). This is a relatively new field with exciting prospects of positive outcomes for some of society’s more chronic

The E. coli bacteria are a native flora of humans and animals intestinal track, and it is

The author of the article is John Bohannon who wrote under the pseudo name of Johnannes Bohannon. He has a PhD in molecular biology of bacteria. He is a journalist who conducted a sting operation for Science on free changing open access journals in which he aimed at bringing to light the irresponsible publishing of scientific articles without any background investigation or scrutiny of reputed journals.

The effect of different diets on the gut microbiome has been studied greatly in mice and to a lesser extent in humans to assess the effect that dietary composition has on the gut micro-biome. It has been suggested that increased efficiency of energy harvest due to changes in the gut microbiota with an increase in Firmicutes and decrease Bacteroidetes bacteria, occurs in obesity in mice and humans.4 A study performed by Murphy et al looked at the effect of a high-fat (HF) diet and genetic obesity (ob/ob) for changes in gut microbiota and the amount of energy harvested from food over time.4 Ob/ob mice were fed a low-fat diet and wild-type mice were fed either a low-fat or HF-diet for 8 weeks. Results indicated an increase in Firmicutes bacteria in both mice fed a HF diet as well as ob/ob mice, but Firmicutes bacteria did not change over time in the lean control mice. A reduction in Bacteroidetes bacteria was also found in ob/ob mice.4

The research in this article focuses on gut bacteria found in people from different cultures and how this can negatively impact us. At the end of the article, Zimmer explains that Americans, residing in a western society, have microbes in the gut that attack the body. He explains that this is because of the carbohydrates attacking the body when not given enough dietary fiber. This problem is not found in foraging cultures because of their seasonally changing food source which positively impacts their body. This is an important discovery of gut bacteria in western culture because now researchers can underscore the importance of dietary fiber in modern industrialized societies with enough evidence to back up their claims. This can also provide insight on how diets in western societies can adapt and change to improve the health and well-being of its people.

Russian scientists have found that the presence of a certain bacteria in your gut may help with the development of the disease.

Three bacteria's that live in the human body are Bifidobacterium, Escherichia Coli, and Streptococcus. One of the bacteria's that live in our body is Bifidobacterium longum. This is a multi-faceted extremely friendly bacterium that resides in the digestive tract and helps to keep the whole digestive system running smoothly. B. longum also inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria and it produces lactic acid. This can help people who are lactose intolerant. They are believed to be one of the most dominant friendly bacterial species that live inside us, and are early colonizers of the digestive tract of newborn infants. Some health benefits are: stimulation

Gut microbiota changes in our body from birth to old age. The fetal intestinal tract is sterile until birth, after which the newborn tract begins to be colonized. Infants are exposed to a great variety of microorganisms from different environments during and immediately after birth, either in their encounter with their maternal vagina or by the cutaneous microorganisms depending on the type of delivery. Infants have lower intestinal bacteria counters with less diversity in the early weeks of life. Different method of feeding influences the microbiota. Until 2-3 years old, microbiota become similar to the adult microbiota. After that, it becomes stable until old age. Genetic factors such as obesity influence the development of gut microbiota.

In a complex environment that is shared by both commensals and host cells, mechanisms are implemented to ensure tolerance to non-self while maintaining homeostasis of the immune system. Technological advances in the field of gnotobiotics has enabled researchers to study the intricacies of the mutualistic interaction that has co-evolved between the gut microbiota and host immune system. These experimental techniques utilize a germ-free specimen (GF) as models and the inoculation of various microbial treatments in order to study the effects of commensals in the healthy development of the host. Specifically, both GF wild-type and genetically-modified mice undergo the manipulation of their gut environment under