Response To The Sympathetic Nervous System

20.The part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is called the  sympathetic division of the nervous system.

“In the natural environment the most adaptive response to threat is likely to be fight or flight. In order to do either effectively, the physical body must prepare.”(Cassidy, p.21) This is the basis to Selye’s ‘alarm’ stage, but unfortunately, his model omits the person’s cognitive process behind the stress response. It simply states that the stressful stimulus presents itself; whereas in the transactional model, the perception of the stimuli as being stressful is the 2nd stage. This model states that stress occurs through an imbalance of the “Perception of demand and capability to cope”(generic reference). When a person perceives a demand as being beyond their capability, imbalance is created which then results in a stress response.

There are three different theories that are used when talking about how we react to stress through the physiological aspect or the psychological aspect. The first is part of the physiological aspect of stress called the Cannon Fight or Flight theory which was proposed in 1914. Fight or Flight response is a physiological stress response that evolved to help organisms to survive immediate danger. The theory states that when an organism, human being or animal, faces imminent danger (acute stressor) the body arouses quickly and is ready to act via two different systems. They are the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla which is part of the endocrine system and is the region that produces the hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones increase heart rate, blood flow, and glucose levels to prepare the body for an emergency. This response from the body suggests that the body knows how to protect itself and reach homeostasis. These two systems work together to either fight against the danger or flight away from the danger. Lord, King and Pfister in 1976 studied the Fight or Flight response in animals through a very unethical study. They administered chemicals on male hooded Wistar rats which inhibited the neurotransmitters from functioning normally. This made it very difficult for the rats to escape an electric shock. The results of the study suggest that the Flight or Fight response

In Prospero 's case in Masque of the Red Death Prince Prospero, was faced with the threat of survival, surviving the Red Death, a plague sweeping his kingdom killing all it comes into contact with. To produce the fight-or-flight response, the hypothalamus activates two systems: the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system. The sympathetic nervous system uses nerve pathways to initiate reactions in the body, and the adrenal-cortical system uses the bloodstream. The combined effects of these two systems are the fight-or-flight response.When the hypothalamus tells the sympathetic nervous system to kick into gear, the overall effect is that the body speeds up, tenses up and becomes generally very alert. If there 's a burglar at the door, you 're going to have to take action fast. The sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and smooth muscles and tells the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These "stress hormones" cause several changes in the body, including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.At the same time, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing factor into the pituitary gland, activating the adrenal-cortical system. The pituitary gland secretes the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH moves through the bloodstream and ultimately arrives at the adrenal cortex, where it activates the release of approximately thirty different

The fight or flight instinct does not allow time to process anything new. Our brains become focused on the object or event that is causing the body to undergo stress.

There are many symptoms associated with the physiological responses of the fight-or-flight including dilation of pupils, increased and more rapid heart rate, and acceleration in the respiratory system. The fight-or-flight response is a very important and crucial response both mentally and physically that is a building block for the human body. Without it, humans may not be as adapted to the dangerous and stressful environment we call our world. Finally, to summarize the steps of the fight-or-flight response. First, a threat or stimuli are perceived by the retina and signals are sent to the brain. Next, the brain processes the signals and determines whether the threat is real. Then, the adrenal medulla is sent synapses from the cerebrum and secretes a liquid with high levels of adrenaline called epinephrine. After that, the secreted adrenaline is mixed with glucose. Next, the adrenaline and glucose are rushed throughout the bloodstream and to the muscles. The muscles then tense up and are given an extra boost of strength and speed. Lastly, the muscles are used to either fight or

The human body has a built in stress response system that usually self regulates. When a threat is perceived the body deploys white blood cells to the area of the body that is under attack (Segerstrom & Miller, 2006). Because of this, less important cellular activities are reduced and the immune system is left vulnerable. When the body perceives a threat there are three phases it goes through. (Story, 2012). The first is the alarm stage, in which the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated and in response deploys the release of

The first is the alarm stage. This is the initial shock to the stimulus. The second is the resistance stage, where the body adapts to the stimulus. Finally the exhaustion stage, where the body can no longer keep up with the damage.

Medications used for nervous system disorders such as: ADHD, Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and more have been used for years to treat these disorders and others. Most medications have a positive effect on a person, when used correctly and with the right body chemistry. Other times, these medications can cause more harm than good.

The fight or flight response is a complex response that affects a great deal of the body. Initially, a signal travels to the brain, to which the amygdala responds. The amygdala sends a nerve impulse to the hypothalamus, which sends a chemical signal to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then releases a hormone that travels to the adrenal gland, along with the nerve impulse from the hypothalamus. Within the adrenal gland, the impulse initiates the release of epinephrine and adrenaline, which affect various cell types. Inside the adrenal gland, the adrenal cells are affected by the presence of the hormone and activate the G protein complex. This complex stimulates adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP into cAMP. cAMP activates the protein Kinase A, or PKA, which releases catalytic subunits. These subunits travel to the mitochondrial membrane and activate the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. This protein mediates importing cholesterol into the mitochondria, which uses enzymes to convert the cholesterol into 17-OH-pregnenolone. The pregnenolone is then released to the endoplasmic reticulum,

ls. When a individual wants to carry an arm or take a step, the brain sends nerve signals to the proper muscular tissues. Nerve indicators also control interior organs like the guts and bladder, but persons should not have the identical form of conscious control over them as they do over their legs and arms. The nerves that control interior organs are called autonomic nerves, which signal the body to digest meals and circulate blood without a individual having to suppose about it. The body's response to sexual stimuli can be involuntary, governed by using autonomic nerve signals that expand blood waft to the genitals and purpose gentle muscular tissues to loosen up. Harm to those autonomic nerves can preclude usual perform. Lowered blood drift

1. Sympathetic circulatory organs on cardiac activity with excitement, can speed up the heart rate and speed up heart rate.

In the alarm stage, the body encounters a stressor. The stressor will cause the body to react with the fight or flight response.Next, the nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis will be

Humans experience similar dramatic physiological stress responses as other species. That is to say, the physique response to a stressor prepares the body for rapid physical action (fight or flight). More rarely, as Rudinger (1988) argue, sitting paralysed by fear may constitute another response to stress. The fight or flee stress response involve extremely rapid, virtually immediate, changes within the muscular systems and organs (Pinel, 2006).

Stress is a state of emotional or mental tension or strain resulting from very demanding and adverse circumstances in an individual’s life. The term general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is used in describing the long-term and short-term reactions to stress through its three stages that explain an individual’s experience with stress. The alarm reaction stage is the initial stage where an individual reacts immediately to a stressor exhibiting a "fight or flight" response that prepares one’s body for any physical activity. This stage may however, result in decreased immune system effectiveness, making individuals more prone to an illness during this phase. The resistance is the second stage where f stress continues one’s the body forms an adaptation to the stressors with different levels of changes taking place to reduce the effectors stress. The exhaustion stage is the third one where one’s body resistance resistance to stress may gradually reduce or collapse quickly meaning that one’s immune system to resisting diseases may be almost eliminated.