Retrieval Cue

Memory is the retention of information over time and it changes through our lifespan, from infancy through adulthood (Santrock 218). There are two types of memory, explicit and implicit.

McLeod (2007) describes memory as the psychological function of processing & preserving vast amounts of information such as visual images, acoustic sounds and semantic meanings. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Psychology (2009), memory involves a series of interconnected systems that serve different functions. The basic divisions of these systems are declarative and procedural memory, episodic and semantic memory and long and short term memory.

The memory is encoding things and recording things. The memory is made up of short term memory, long term memory and working memory. The best way to keep things in mind for more than a few seconds is to encode it with deep processing. This means that the mind is encoding the memory by making what is to be remembered more meaningful and on a deeper level than surface level meaning. Joshua also mentions that this is an effective way to memorize things and that is how the memory contest participants can memorize large amounts of information in short periods of time. (Lecture, Memory, September/October)

According to Shiffrin & Atkinson (1969), long-term memory is defined as the processes by which information is stored in and retrieved from. The two processes involved in long-term memory are encoding and retrieval. Encoding refers to the process in which information is learned and converted into a memory representation, whereas retrieval refers to accessing previously stored information (Shiffrin & Atkinson, 1969). The two forms of long-term memory are declarative or explicit memory and non-declarative or implicit memory. Declarative memory (DM) refers to subsystems of long-term memory that can be deliberately, intentionally or consciously recollected. These subsystems are known as episodic memory and semantic memory (Squire, 1992). Episodic memory is defined as the long-term memory subsystem that stores information about past events, occurrences or episodes related to an individual 's life and is used to recall such events or episodes. Semantic memory is a long term memory system that stores and recollects facts and general knowledge (Squire & Zola, 1998). Recognition or recall tasks are usually used to measure DM (Wagner et al, 1998). Non-declarative memory (NDM) refers to the memory subsystem that impacts recent perceptions and behaviour without knowledge, consciousness and intent. The subsystem within NDM involved in long-term memory is known as procedural memory (Squire, 1992).The NDM of skills is termed as procedural memory. The process involves learning a skill or

Encoding is the intake of information. The information is either processed as a picture, a sound or a meaning. Long term memory are related to items that have meaning. Storage is how the information in kept in memory. In the storage process the brain is deciding where to storage the information and how long the information will be stored. The information is either stored in short-term or long-term memory. The process also involves how much information is stored. Short-term memory is usually 7 items, plus/ minus 2. Long-term is unlimited. Retrieval is how the information I pulled out from memory. Items that are stored in short-term memory are stored and retrieved. Items in long-term memory are retrieved from

Memory is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information. Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. Memory is involved in processing vast amounts of information. This information takes many different forms, e.g. images, sounds or meaning.

Memory is a cognitive process that allow us to stored, retrieved, and encoded information. Storage is where the information goes, retrieved is where you get the information, and encoding is where the information is processed. A model that supports the cognitive process is the multi-store model (MSN) and according to the MSM the human memory can be divided into three stores of memory.

It is selective and prolific - not all information is stored by the brain even though the acquisition of data is continuous. The encoding process entails making associations with previously known facts, which contributes to the longevity of information. Once an event has been processed by the brain, it is then stored. This leads to Long Term Memory (LTM) and, consequently, a physical alteration of the brain. The structure of neurons is changed, and circuits, known as neural networks, are created or strengthened. Moreover, the production of proteins and the transfer of neurotransmitters to receptors through synapses, augments and solidifies circuits. With the repetition of such process through the continuous retrieval of memory, the synapse connections become more efficient and the memory is hardened. These steps contribute to the consolidation of memories which is essential to learning. The retention period is also invaluable to the formation of LTM and is a product of time and the occurrence of no overlaps. If similar pieces of information are processed by the brain, it is likely that one will interfere with the memorization of the other as the brain becomes distraught and is unable to store them. The retrieval process is determined by how easily accessible memories are. The more connections pieces of information have with already stored memories, the faster they can be

Memory in general is defined as the process that involves in retaining or storing information and retrieving or remembering the information without the presence of the original stimuli. Memory is broken down into two compartments a short term memory and a long term memory. Short term memory holds information for a brief period of time, while long term memory tends to hold information for a longer periods of time. Association memory is the capacity to learn and retrieve information between two distinct stimuli and associate them with one another. Therefore, the association memory is primarily the base of this experiment.

The two different types of information stored in long term memory are declarative and procedural. Declarative is the memory of facts and events. Procedural is the memory of skills and how to do things.

Semantic memory is the second type of long-term memory. It is a part of declarative memory that acquires the basic knowledge and facts about the world. Unlike episodic memory which represents a person’s personal experience that involves emotion and feeling, the semantic memory represents all of the factual knowledge that one person acquires over a lifetime and it is not related to the emotion or feeling, it is just the facts and knowledge that count. Next, there is a wide range of semantic memory from knowledge of words and its meaning, all kind of concepts and the basic facts about the world such as knowing the birds can fly, the color of grass is green, the USA stands for the United State of America and what is skipping rope. Another example

After rehearing this information, it will be stored in long term memory. Information enters long term memory, according to the Modal Model, in a series of steps. First, information enters sensory memory where is can do one of two things, either be forgotten or transferred. In sensory memory, information is either encoded and transferred or forgotten immediately. Abon transfer, information enters short term memory where once again it can be transferred or forgotten. Information can either be forgotten due to decay, information flows away, or interference, when new or old information interferes with your memory. With rehearsal, information can be transferred to long term memory. Chemical bonding will be encoded through various steps. The bonding information went through sensory memory where it was encoded immediately. It will pass through short term memory with practice and rehearsal. I have been rehearsing by creating note cards that I use to help me learn various terms and dot structures. I have also been doing homework, which gives me many practice problems that force me to go over the material well, exposing me to different circumstances I must learn. These problems will surely help encode the information and eventually lead to transferring the information to long term memory. Two techniques that will help encode the information into long term memory is distributing which is part

Cognitive structure is formed in memory, which preserves and organises information absorbed during the learning process.

The crucial factor of long term memory is how well organized the information is. This is affected by proper encoding (elaboration processes in transferring to long term memory) and retrieval processes (scanning memory for the information and transferring into working memory so that it could e used).

Memory is the process involved in retaining, retrieving and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas and skills after the original information is no longer present. We can relate this case with what we learn in psychology. Short term memory holds information from 15 until 30 seconds whereas long term memory holds information for years. Short-term memory (STM) is the system that is involved in storing small amount of information for a brief period of time while long-term memory (LTM) is the system that is responsible for storing information for long periods of time and recall information about past events in lives and knowledge learned.