Retroactive Interference Essay

Hannula’s research is based on, “memory for different kinds of relations (i.e., spatial and nonspatial relations) is tested with different paradigms under long- and short-lag conditions” (Hannula, 2014). Hannula also showed detailed information about the experiments such as stimuli design, procedure, and statistical analyses. Hannula describe the history and condition of the participants that was involved in the experiment. “Participants in both experiments were six patients (three male, three female) with amnesia, and six neurologically intact comparison participants, each matched to one of the patients individually with respect to age, education, and intelligence quotient”(Hannula, 2014). The method that was used in the first experiment is eye-movement methodology. The “eye-movement methodology to explore the status of relational memory representations that are to be maintained over the course of a very brief delay in work involving presentation of scenes that were exact matches or were manipulated versions of scenes viewed just seconds earlier”(Hannula,

Attention and memory can improve by acknowledging and letting go of wandering thoughts, Wei mentions.

Although episodic thinking and cognitive time travel are different, they work hand in hand to stream perceived information in order to segment it into the unconscious for future recall. Cognitive time travel and the brain’s extensive capabilities

Working memory's current understanding largely stems from the model in 1974 by Baddeley and Hitch, since then it has been recently advanced. The boss being the central executive, who controls and monitors all the information processing. The two other separate storage systems that support the central executive: phonological loop, who functions as the temporarily store for phonological information, and the visuospatial sketchpad where visual and spatial representations are temporarily stored and manipulated (Baddeley, 1996). The integrator of information from the subcomponents of working memory and long term memory is known as the episodic buffer, it is the recently proposed addition (Baddeley, 2000). Many people when they think of an individual

The Forgot-it-all-along (FIA) effect is a memory phenomenon in which prior instances of remembering are forgotten (Arnold & Lindsay, 2002) (Schooler, Ambadar, & Bendiksen,

This paper will evaluate current conclusions about cognitive aspects of intellectual functioning and the findings that support the conclusion. It will provide the reason that research has been contradictory; thus, it makes the task of concluding research difficult that addresses cognitive aspects of intellectual functioning complete.

However, it seems too simple to equate mind-wandering about one’s childhood days with ruminating or worrying about one’s job performance, since it is likely those have quite different impacts on cognition. This is in fact supported by neuroscience research. Distraction has been associated with the default mode network (DMN), a set of brain regions that activates in the absence of a specific task. Recent studies have suggested that there is not one but in fact multiple DMN.4 Our hypothesis is that different DMN can be associated with different types of distraction. By examining the effect of mindfulness versus working memory training on distraction, we should be able to distinguish these types of distraction. Specifically, we hypothesize that distraction that can be called sticky,2 i.e., rumination and craving, is more impacted by mindfulness practice than more innocent non-sticky distraction, e.g., mind-wandering about childhood memories. We will test these hypotheses by behavioural training studies in combination with our recently-developed a theoretical model for how different training regimes impact

The study shows that meditation can positively affect brain function. It may sound illogical, how could mind training actually impact the physical structure of the brain. However, the study shows that mindfulness mediation could enhance the function of one’s memory, sense of self, empathy and stress response. Practice of mindfulness mediation is like the brain talking to itself, the thoughts are floating through our consciousness. By doing more mediation, the brain can get more practices. Therefore, neural responses would be shorter; the brain can have more time to rest.

In this article the authors explains how stopping unwanted memories from coming into your head is similar to stopping unwanted motor response; like evading a car crash. This article describes a way that will be most beneficial to forgetting your unwanted thoughts and memories. What this means is that if you were to knock over a cup of hot coffee with your elbow accidentally and your first reaction was to try to catch the cup preventing the spill. But about halfway to almost catching the cup you realize it will be too hot so you let it fall. This is an example of being able to control your unwanted motor skills like knowing not to catch a falling hot cup. With our brains it works the same exact way with unwanted memories; stopping the thought

Mind games: Mental stimulation helps in keeping the brain active and alive. Playing mind games like puzzles, matching games, trivia games are a part of memory improvement techniques. Your brain is an organ that is capable of thinking and when you don't use it often, it tends to get sluggish. Inactivity and lack of mental stimulation are major causes of memory loss. Mind games help protect against cognitive

The Brown-Peterson task can be used as a tool to assess the primary memory in children and adults. By using the Brown-Peterson task and multiple appropriate distracter tasks, researchers can compare childrens and adults primary memory. An example would be to give participants a set of letters to remember, have them count backwards by threes for x amount of seconds. As the participant is counting backwards some soothing classical music should be played in the background.

Throughout life people are faced with task switching. From typing on the computer to switching to write something down or even talking to acknowledge someone, the cognitive process helps you change and react on the situation at hand. Task Switching is the ability to shift attention

To effectively reduce vigilance decrement during vigilance tasks, a thorough understanding of it is needed. This study explores whether vigilance decrement can be explained by the resource theory or the mindlessness theory. The performance of 464 participants during a laboratory conducted dot location vigilance task lasting for twelve minutes. Six break activities were also conducted to reduce vigilance decrement. Out of the six, the Rest group had the greatest effect on vigilance decrement (no vigilance decrement) followed by the verbal memory group and the spatial memory group. With no breaks, the continuous group had the greatest decrement in performance, acting as a control. The results supported the use of the resource theory that a break of a different cognitive type improves performance but the demands of the task influence must also be considered (more demanding tasks drains resources at a faster rate).

There’s a saying that states a mind is a terrible thing to waste. This saying has been around for as long as I can remember and holds true to the way our minds operate. The complexities on how our brain functions, the mysteries that it holds, the endless possibilities that the mind holds. Memory is what defines us, it’s part of the reason and ability as to how we function every day. If we couldn’t recall the who, what, where, and when events in our daily lives, then we would not be able to have productive days. We glance over our daily ideas in the present time with our short-term working memory, while the past events are stored and begin to learn to mean in our long-term semantic memory. The unfortunate reality to memory is that

The first key point is that you are not your mind. People should try to remove themselves from their own minds. People’s minds play memories, like videos, of the past and future, and avoid living in the present moment. “Your mind spends most of its time projecting into the future (plans, dreams, fears), or reminiscing about the past (memories, regrets, nostalgia) (Hargrave, 2016, page 17).” People need to stay focused on the present and not get distracted by the memories that keep replaying over and over again. The goal is to retrain the mind.