Retroactive Memory

I am passionate on helping people and making changes in others’ lives. Like I stated before, my mother had been trapped herself in the apologetic emotion for years. The mental burden had made her down. Therefore, I decided to help my mother get rid of the self-accusation, by using the knowledge I learned in the Human Services major. To illustrate, I was telling her that it was not her fault of divorce, and she was not showing me the negative image of a marriage. Instead, I admire her braveness of ending a marriage when it was necessary, especially in the time when people were stereotyping divorced women and at the place where people were being judgmental. Now, her self-blameless has been reduced, and she told me that she was not felt as guilty

There are many references to group or social dances performed in Ireland throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. However, most accounts were written by visiting English historians who were concerned with the social and economic conditions of the country rather than the dancing itself. They inform us that group or 'country' dances were performed by the Irish at social gatherings including weddings, fairs and holidays. These would have been simple dances which almost anyone could have joined and indeed they were not distinctly Irish but rather dances that were common throughout western Europe.

This study will attempt to replicate the findings of Godden and Baddeley (1975) by examining the importance of context in learning and recall. In addition, we will examine whether lack of perceptual cues in the environment affects recall.

Memory is a set of cognitive processes that allow us to remember past information (retrospective memory) and future obligations (prospective memory) so we can navigate our lives. The strength of our memory can be influenced by the connections we make through different cognitive faculties as well as by the amount of time we spend devoting to learning specific material across different points in time. New memories are created every time we remember specific event, which results in retrospective memories changing over time. Memory recall can be affected retrospectively such as seeing increased recall in the presence of contextual cues or false recall of information following leading questions. Memory also includes the process

Memory in the human brain is a complex process which is easier understood by the use of theoretical constructs. Memories begin as sensory stimuli which become sensory memory which only last about one second, from there it moves into working memory which lasts for about twenty to thirty seconds and is used to process information. Within working memory there are a few separate processes, the central executive which directs attention, the episodic buffer which is a secondary storage lasting ten to twenty seconds, this area communicates with long term memory as well as the central executive. The visuospatial sketchpad which is used to visualise visual and spacial

The results of Roediger and McDermott’s experiment were very significant. The participants recalled the critical distractor words 40% of the time compared to 14% recall of the normal distractor words. When they

In the last half century several theories have emerged with regard to the best model for human memory. In each of these models there was a specific way to help people recall words and

Two kinds of trials were given to test the influence of SIOR on the retrieval of memory. There were in total 52 trials in the testing part of the experiment. In 26 trials, one new word and one original word were presented. In another 26 trials, two new words were displayed on the screen. If participant’s preference favours the opposite locations of their partner’s previous action, it supports that SIOR effect can inhibit participant to select a word at the same location as their partner’s previous response, which also results in temporal false memory to the participants. If the memory has not influenced by SIOR, no significant effect will be obtained in the two-new words condition. If SIOR is strong enough to inhibit the retrieval of recognition memory, participants tend to respond to the opposite location of their partners with the vague memory. Therefore, there will be a difference showed in two-new words condition when comparing with 50% chance.

The aim of this investigation was to look to see if there is a difference in the recollection if the format in which information is presented is different. Lists of words and images were compared to find the most effective source of recollection. This topic of research has many real life applications for instance how students study in preparation for exams. If there is a format that is more successful at recollecting memory then that would help with studying and can be expanded to how general education is taught. This field of psychology could help to revolutionise memory and its capabilities if enough study is concentrated on it.

According to Levels of Processing framework, developed by Craik and Lockhart (1972), the duration that a memory is held, is determined by the level at which the information is encoded. Episodic memory recall is a cognitive process involved in consolidating the information presented. The ‘depth’ of processing occurring during the encoding of a memory, relates to, how well information is recalled later. To clarify, information that we process semantically (i.e., by its meaning) comprises a deeper level of processing than information we process structurally (i.e., appearance). Thus predicting, the deeper an individual processes information, correlates with the duration a memory trace will last. Consequently, memory is a by-product

“Cognitive Psychology helps us try to understand the human thought process and how we acquire, process, and store information (www.careerinpsychology.org).” Amnesia is just one of many aspects that happens in the brain, and it hinders our memory. According to Solso, Otto and Kimberly, amnesia is forgetting caused by problems in the brain. In chapter seven, we talked about two types of Amnesias, and how they affect memory. Retrograde and Anterograde amnesia affect your memory as well as, other disease processes like Alzheimer’s and Korsakoff’s syndrome.

The key to intentional forgetting is what happens when memories are retrieved. The importance of retrieval has been demonstrated in studies that compare recall and recognition memory tasks. Success on either kind of task requires that items be encoded and stored. Whereas recall tasks require active search and retrieval of a memory, recognition tests present the studied item as a direct cue to memory. That item needs only to be checked against whatever representation is stored. Because the directed forgetting eVect is strong on recall tasks but weak or absent on recognition tasks, theorists have concluded that retrieval inhibition, rather than unlearning, is key to intentional forgetting (Bjork, 1989; Geiselman, Bjork, & Fishman, 1983; but see

Have you ever had stitches before? Well this is the time of me getting stitches for the second time of my life. It was the summer of 2016 and I was at my grandma’s house with my sisters because my mom and dad had to work. At nine thirty or so my grandma asked, “Would you three like to make watermelon into a shape of a sphere?” “Um…. In a little bit” I said as I could taste the juicy, red watermelon. It was about 15 minutes later when my sisters and I started making the watermelon spheres. My grandma started chopping up the watermelon, and she had to go and feed her cat. She carefully put the cleaver down and walked out of the kitchen. I was the last to finish my watermelon spheres.

Most researchers into memory have argued that there is a significant distinction between explicit memory (declarative) and implicit memory (non-declarative). However, it is now suggested that researchers move past this distinction by focusing research on amnesia and healthy individuals as the current viewpoint may be limited. According to the original view, amnesiacs should have impaired performance on non-declarative memory tasks and intact performance on declarative tasks (Cognitive Psychology: a student’s handbook, Eysenck and Keane, 2010). However, according to Reder et al. (2009, p.24), “The critical feature that distinguishes tasks that are impaired from those that are spared under amnesia hinges on whether the task requires the formation

this study is the use of convenience sampling, as previously mentioned. Black et al. (2000) make