Review Of Magnetotactic Bacteria And Magnetosomes

The unknown bacteria plate chosen was plate #2. It was identified to be Micrococcus luteus. It is a gram positive, Coccus bacteria that is commonly found in dust, water, soil, and the air. M. luteus also thrives in the human mouth and upper respiratory tract. Sir Alexander Fleming discovered it in 1928 before he identified penicillin. It is part of the normal flora on human skin as well as other mammals. Since it is part of normal flora it is normally not pathogenic, but can become opportunistic in an immune-deficient person. It has been known to cause septic shock, UTI’s, and even pneumonia. Micrococcus luteus is both urease and catalase positive. It does not utilize tryptophan for indole production. It is a facultative anaerobe. Mobility is not present for this bacterium. Starch is also not hydrolyzed and oxidase is not present.

Microbes are bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. The earth was formed 4.6 million years ago. And a few million years later, by 3.5 billion years ago, earth was already inhabited by a diversity of organisms. The earliest organism is Prokaryotes and within the next billion years, two distinct groups of prokaryotes called bacteria and archaea diverged. Eukaryotes cell evolved from a prokaryotes community, a host cell containing even smaller prokaryotes .The microbial world accounted for all known life forms for nearly 50 to 90% of Earth's history. We are still researching microbial organisms today in marine environment, extreme environments. A microbial observatory is an NSF-funded project dedicated to the discovery and characterization of novel microorganisms and microbial communities of diverse

Microbial Fuel Cells have a large variety of benefits due to its versatility and choice of fuel.

Morganella morganii is a gram-negative bacillus with no special arrangement. It is the third member of the tribe Proteeae. This bacterium was first discovered in the year 1906 by a British bacteriologist by the name of He. De R. Morgan. In the late year of 1939, the bacterium was named Proteus morganii, and again changed some years later due to findings that this bacterium did not obtain the ability to ferment all carbohydrates like the genus Proteus was capable of doing. Instead, researchers found the bacterium to have the capabilities of ferment only glucose and therefore its name had been changed one final time to Morganella (its own genus) morganii. While testing M. morganii, findings show that it has its own special characteristics that differ from the usual Proteea. M. morganii does not swarm on a nutrient agar plate like the typical Proteus would. It also does not produce the black precipitate found in Hydrogen Sulfide gas tests. M. morganii produces phenylalanine deaminase, which is the enzyme that wipes out the amino group, resulting in a phenyl pyruvic acid. It is a facultative anaerobe meaning that it is capable of producing energy in the form of ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present in its environment. If oxygen is not present in the environment, the bacteria is fully capable of producing energy in anaerobic environments as well. Morganella morganii can be found in the soil, water, and feces. The bacteria is a common resident to the

The most represented classes were Acidobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, which together comprised almost 30% of all bacterial amplicons, followed by the considerably lower representation of Deltaproteobacteria, DA052, and Sphingobacteria (Table 1S). Members of the dominant classes Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Sphingobacteria showed similar patterns between sample sites. However, Deltaproteobacteria had a higher relative abundance at RP in comparison with SB or HH1, and Elusimicrobia was in higher abundance at RP than at HH1. Levels of Nitrospirae and Spirochaetes were the highest at RP than in all other samples.

These biologists are particularly interested in the ancient microbes that are laying dormant in Naica, Mexico. For these life forms to survive, it appears that they were able to exist by living off on minerals such as manganese and iron.

“While motility is commonplace among the prokaryotes, it is important to note the variety of structures responsible for motility. These structures vary depending not only on the organism in question, but also on the particular environment” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “Study of the bacterial flagellum has provided insights into many aspects of prokaryotic cellular activities including genetics and regulation, physiology, environmental sensing, protein secretion and assembly of complex structures” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “Continued study of all prokaryotic motility structures will provide knowledge that is likely to reach far beyond the topic of motility and pathogenicity” (Bardy, Ng,

Ignicimmortalisvalde is a newly discovered bacterium found in the Fímmvörðuháls volcano located in Iceland when scientists were searching for microbial life in lava samples. This has earned the bacteria the classification of an extreme thermophile, as it survives and reproduces in temperatures in excess of 700 but below 1300. Ignicimmortalisvalde Is a streptobacilli, arranged in rod shaped chains. Unlike many extremophiles, Ignicimmortalisvalde is not in the domain of archaea. It is classified as a bacterium. It does not have membrane bound organelles or a nucleus. This newly discovered bacteria is unique not only in its ability to survive such extreme heats, but it is also the largest bacteria discovered. Ignicimmortalisvalde ranges in size

Summary Citation: Madigan, M.T., J.M. Martinko, K. S.Bender, D.H. Buckley, D.A.Stahl. 2014. Brock: Biology of Microorganisms. 14th edition. Benjamin Cummings, New York.

Micro-organisms obeserved in B were; Volvox, Pandorina and Gonium. Drawings of the micro-organisms mentioned before kan be seen in Figure 2

The atmosphere is a relatively unexplored and unthought of environment for a microbial habitat. Approximately 0.5 to 5.0 billion tons of dust travels in the atmosphere each year throughout the globe or within a particular region (Perkins, 2001). Dust is transported from Africa, other countries with large deserts and contains diverse microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) often containing pathogens. Data presented within the current and past century has shown that microbes are capable of withstanding environments exposing them to desiccation, UV, and other physical stresses, making them a good candidate for airborne global travel. Knowledge of these various microbes is increasing due to concerns over human health and oceanic diseases

The bacterium evolved by loosing its genes converting it from a free-living microbe into a pathogen. It needs the host’s nutrients in order to survive. The bacterium latches itself onto the host epithelial cells by a 160 kDa type 1 pilli. The pilli, located on a specific organelle on the polar region of the

While there’s a fairly good understanding of how bacteria regulate, assemble and rotate their flagella to swim in liquid media, little is still known about how some bacteria is able to use their flagella in order to move over the tops of solids—otherwise known as swarming. Thus, Kearns studied what is needed in swarming motility in diverse bacterial model systems such as an increase in the number of flagella per cell, secretion of a surfactant to reduce surface tension for spreading and movement in multicellular groups. Therefore, Kearns was able to determine that swarming motility generally requires an energy rich, solid medium, however, the specific conditions that support swarming depends on the organism in question. Swarming was enhanced by high growth rates that may account for

The chemolithic and acidophilic bacteria help in carrying out the autotrophic leaching of metals. They function by fixing carbon-di-oxide and obtaining energy from the oxidation of ferrous ions or reduced sulphur compounds, and form Fe(III) or H2SO4 as the end products (Bosecker 1997). The microorganisms involved in this process are Thiobacillus thioxidans, Thiobacillus ferroxidans, Leptospirillum ferroxidans (Ewart and Hughes 1991).

Summer of 2017 saw UT Southwestern Medical Center make considerable strides in biotech with the development of high-frequency alternating magnetic fields to destroy bacterial films on the surfaces of artificial joints in the body simply by heating the joints themselves. These bacterial infections tend to be of great detriment to patients, and they prove impeccably resilient to antibiotics. Since then, that same research has been furthered to prove itself on human test subjects. Now, the U.S. Energy Department illustrates the ability to see bacterial cells’ magnetic fields via electron microscopy, which marks a milestone both for microscopy and for scientific rendering of magnetic nano-objects in liquid and bacterial cell magnetic fields